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Healing the Troubled Mind (Types of Therapy (Therapists (psychotherapist…
Healing the Troubled Mind
Types of Therapy
Evidence Based Practice
combines patient values and expectations, individual clinical experience, and the best scientific evidence
Biopsychosocial Approaches
combine elements to determine the social, biological, and psychological causes for an individual case
focused more on what helps the patient
Electroconvulsive Therapy
used in severe cases of depression
6-12 treatments
schizophrenia has low glial cells, and patients with ECT have high levels, so it was used in that aspect for schizophrenia, with poor results
increases in dopamine and norepinephrine
short term memory loss after ECT, specifically autobiographical memory for as long as 6 months after ECT
Therapists
psychotherapist
anyone who provides psychotherapy
psychiatrists
MD, plus specialization in psychiatry
more likely to prescribe medication with little patient input needed
psychologist
PhD in psych, gradually have been given prescription privileges
clinical psychologist
PsyD in psych, they have become increasingly more like psychiatrists, gradually have gained prescription privileges. Also do family, marriage, and personal counseling
Counselors
hold master's or doctoral degrees in education, social work, psych, etc
MDiv, master of divinity, teach and counsel in schools of divinity, religious leaders
least frequent and lowest regulated is hypnotherapists, regulated by only a few states
Life coaching has no regulations and is completely unregulated
Psychoanalysis
insight therapy
idea that people will improve when they understand their problems
Freud's psychoanalysis falls under an insight therapy
Free association
when someone says whatever first comes to mind
we eventually learn to think before we speak
dream analysis
for Freud, dreams represented a censored reflection of unconscious wishes, so it lead right into the unconscious mind and desires
Therapy types
brief therapy is psychotherapy usually provided in 3-5 sessions
group therapy
Family therapy
couples therapy
online therapy
Cognitive therapy
the way we think in situations causes our behavior
cognitive restructuring
replacing an old irrational belief with a new rational one
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Behavioral Therapy
application of operant and classical learning into the behavioral side of these psychological disorders
proven to help depress unwanted behaviors and increase desired behavior
behavior modification
(Applied Behavior Anaylsis (ABA)
Psychotherapies
abnormal behavior should disappear when the medical condition is treated
a conversation between a professional who provides therapy and the person seeking help, usually combined with biological treatments
Psychosurgery
the use of brain surgery to improve symptoms of psychological disorders
frontal lobotomy became very famous
radiation and lesions are used in a very small number of patients nowadays
Brain Stimulation
effects are reversible
Deep Brain Stimulation
OCD, depression, Parkinson's, schizophrenia
changes mood to more positive
requires implantation of electrodes inside the skull
Neurofeedback
biofeedback that is used to treat ADHD and seizures by teaching client to keep measures of brain activity within a certain range
First discoveries
John Cade first found out that lithium salts can help behavior with bipolar depression
Humanistic Therapy
argued against the use of psychoanalysis and used counseling instead
counseling is a focus on personal strengths and development to treat psychological disorders
Treating Disorders
Treating ASD
No exact drug has been found, but 2 drugs are usually prescribed
Antidepressants are commonly prescribed, but has not been officially been proven
Most common treatment is ABA, to improve social, personal, and understand of society around them
many attempts to find a solution have not provided valid results and thus most resort to medication and therapy
ASD usually has abnormalities in GABA, serotonin, and glutamate transmitters
Treating AHDH
many use medications to treat ADHD, which was discovered on accident
closely related stimulants like ritalin, dexedrine, dexostrat, adderall
these increase Dopamine and norepinephrine
if these medications are taken for too long, growth can be affected
rising the activity of the brain, should reduce impulsive behaviors
Treating Schizophrenia
insulin shock therapy, hot towels, and other practices were used but had no scientific backup
Thorazine was discovered on accident, which reduced shock and stress
thorazine acts as a dopamine antagonist and blocks dopamine receptors
however 1/4 of patients dont respond to the medicine
difficult to resolve the social and emotional side of symptoms
Thorazine is the same as phenothiazines
Tardive Dyskinesia can result from taking this medication, which includes symptoms of tremors and involuntary movements of the face and tongue. These symptoms usual persist even after taking the medication
Thorazine's are classified as typical medications for schizophrenia, and to combat the symptoms of the medication, they created atypical medications because they address a wider range of symptoms and are more effective
these new drugs do come with new symptoms like cancer, low white blood count, seizures, aggression, etc
The WHO concluded that individuals with schizophrenia in developing countries are more likely to recover faster, because they are given meaningful work and stay in the home, rather than medically treated.
Treating Bipolar Depression
most common medication prescribed
simple salts: lithium carbonate.
Salts have a very specific effect on bipolar disorders. They have no external affect on symptoms, but internally they promote the birth of new neurons and have an antioxidant effect on the brain, along with the promotion of gray matter formations.
side effects can be: nausea, vomiting, muscular tremors, coma, and seizures
there blood lithium levels are regularly tested, which can be correlated to the low compliance to this treatment plan.
Diet, specifically Omega-3 can be related to the prevention to bipolar, but doesnt have any reduction in the presence of mania
Treating Major Depressive Disorder
very diverse treatments, from medications, cognitive, behavioral, aerobic exercise, etc
Antidepressant Medication, can also be prescribed for disorders like anxiety
Most common Antidepressant prescribed are SSRI's
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
increase serotonin activity by interfering with receptors
also increase neurons in hippocampus, which are usually destroyed by stress and depression
symptoms include: suicide thoughts, nausea, reduction of REM sleep, headaches, weight gain, sexual dysfunction, etc
after SSRIs, ECT may be looked at
Treating Anxiety, phobias, panic disorders, etc
either treated with medication, CBTs, or both
GABA can be used to fight thoughts of incoming panic, and when you use inhibitors, that leads to fatal combinations.
many drug families have seen their days with psychological patients, but Xanax is the most common and effective today. xanax=alprazolam
fear stimulation and exposure therapy could also be very effective
Treating OCD
antidepressant medication or CBT, or both
CBT involves teaching the individual of their compulsions, and teach them competing behaviors to cancel them out. Highly effective