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APES UNIT 6: ROCKS AND SOIL (Nutritional Requirements (Undernutrition: not…
APES UNIT 6: ROCKS AND SOIL
Weathering and Erosion
Weathering
: occurs when a rock is exposed to air, water, certain chemical compounds, or biological agents such as plant roots, lichens, and burrowing animals
Physical Weathering
: the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals
Chemical Weathering
: the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both; releases essential nutrient for plants
Acid Rain(aka Acid Precipitation)
: occurs when sulfur dioxide mixes with water vapor
Erosion
: the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem
Deposition
: the accumulation or deposition of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil
Soil
: a mix of geologic and organic components
Formation of Soil
Climate
: the higher the altitude the less organic material & the worse the soil; influences type of vegetation that develops
Topography
: the surface slope and arrangements of the landscape
Organisms
Time
: the amount of time the soil spends developing
Parent Material
: the rock material underlying it from which it's inorganic compounds are derived; different soil types derive from different parent material
Soil Horizons
: layers
O horizon
: organic horizon; is most pronounced in forest soils, and grasslands
A horizon(topsoil)
: a zone of organic material and minerals mixed together
E Horizon
: acids and metals dissolve; not always present
B Horizon(subsoil)
: primarily composed of mineral material with very little organic material
C Horizon
: the least weathered soil horizon; most like the parent material
Soil Properties
Psychical
Texture
: percent sand, silt, and clay
Porosity
: how quickly soil drains(clay has a low porosity, sand has a high porosity)
Chemical
Cation Exchange Capacity
: the ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations
Base Saturation
: a measure of the proportions of soil bases to soil acids
Types of Mining
Surface Mining
Strip Mining
: the removal of "strips" of soil and rock to expose ore
Open- Pit Mining
: creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from Earth's surface
Mountaintop Removal
: the entire mountain is literally just removed
Place Mining
: the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments
Subsurface Mining
Safety and the Environment
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Diagram
Plate Tectonics
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Diagram
Subduction
: the process of one plate passing under another
Plate Contact
Divergent Plate Boundaries
: when plates move away from one another
Seafloor Spreading
: when magma reaches the earths surface and form new sea floor
Convergent Plate Boundaries
: where plates move toward one another and collide
Transform Fault Boundary
: when plates move sideways past each other
Nutritional Requirements
Undernutrition
: not consuming enough calories to be healthy
Malnourished
: regardless of the number of calories consumed the diet still lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals
Food Security
: the condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life
Food Insecurity
: the condition in which people do not have adequate access to food
Famine
: a condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area
Anemia
: the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the world
Over nutrition
: the ingestion of too many calories and improper food, which causes a person to be overweight