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Corrections (State Prison Systems (There are not a wide range of state…
Corrections
State Prison Systems
There are not a wide range of state correctional institutions, facilities, and programs for women due to their smaller prisoner population
Correctional institutions for men are usually classified by level of security: maximum, medium, and minimum
The maximum-security prison (holding about 21 percent of state inmates) is built like a fortress, usually surrounded by stone walls with guard towers
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In medium security prisons, prisoners have more privileges and contact with the outside world through visitors, mail, and access to radio and television
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The system relies on rehabilitation pro- grams and offers opportunities for education and work release. It also provides reintegration programs and support to inmates preparing for release
The Pennsylvania system
The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons, formed in 1787
This group was inspired by Howard’s ideas. They argued that criminals could best be reformed if they were placed in penitentiaries—isolated from one another and from society to consider their crimes, repent, and reform.
In 1790, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized the construction of two penitentiaries for the solitary confinement of hardened and atrocious offenders
From this limited beginning, the Pennsylvania system of separate confinement evolved
the five principles of it were: 1. Prisoners would not be treated vengefully but should be convinced through hard and selective forms of suffering, that they could change their lives
solitary confinement would prevent further corruption inside prison.
In isolation, offenders would reflect on their transgressions and repent.
Solitary confinement would be punishment, because humans are by nature social animals.
Solitary confinement would be economical, because prisoners would not need a long time to repent, and so fewer keepers would be needed and the cost of clothing would be lower.
Charles Williams: the first African American prisoner in the eastern penitentiary near Phili, he was 18 years old and arrived on October 25, 1829 on charges of larceny
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Rehabilitation Model
The Progressives pursued two main strategies: (1) improving conditions in social environments that seemed to be the breeding grounds of crime, and (2) rehabilitating individual offenders.
The new approach saw the social, intellectual, or biological deficiencies of criminals as causing their crimes.
Rehabilitation model: A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training or therapy
medical model: A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment.
Following WWII group therapy, behavior modification, counseling, and several other approaches became part of the “new penology”
According to critics of rehabilitation, reportedly high recidivism rates proved its ineffectiveness
Community Model
Community corrections: A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.
Proponents of this model viewed prisons as artificial institutions that hindered offenders from finding a crime-free lifestyle
They argued that corrections should focus on providing psychological treatment and on increasing opportunities for offenders to succeed as citizens. Programs were supposed to help offenders find jobs and remain connected to their families and the community
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To promote reintegration, correctional workers were to serve as advocates for offenders in dealing with government agencies providing employment counseling, medical treatment, and financial assistance
community corrections remains one of the significant ideas and practices in the recent history of corrections
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The New York System
In 1819, New York opened a penitentiary in Auburn that evolved as a rival to Pennsylvania’s concept of separate confinement.
Auburn’s warden, Elam Lynds, instituted a reign of discipline and obedience that included the lockstep and the wearing of prison stripes. He also started a contract labor system
Contract labor system: A system under which inmates’ labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution
Reformatory Movement
The National Prison Association advocated a new design for penology: that prisons should operate according to a philosophy of inmate change, with reformation rewarded by release
• Classification of prisoners on the basis of character and improvement would encourage the reformation program.
Elmira Reformatory
The first reformatory took shape in 1876 at Elmira, New York, when Zebulon Brockway was appointed superintendent.
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Inmates followed a rigid schedule of work during the day, followed by courses in academic, vocational, and moral subjects during the evening.
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Mark system: a point system in which prisoners can reduce their term of imprisonment and gain release by earning “marks,” or points, through labor, good behavior and educational achievement
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Crime Control Model
Crime Control Model of Corrections: A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision
The effect of these get-tough policies shows in the record numbers of people incarcerated, the long terms being served, the great number of parolees returned to prison, and the huge size of the probation population
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