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Summits (Geneva, November 1985 (Discussed/ Agreed (There was a general…
Summits
Geneva, November 1985
Discussed/ Agreed
There was a general agreement that both the USA and the USSR would work towards a goal of cutting offensive nuclear weapons by 50%.
They also made plans to limit and hopefully eliminate, medium range nuclear missiles.
They also discussed a collaboration to end nuclear proliferation to other countries, so that they could maintain control over these weapons for the whole world. Along with banning chemical weapons.
Reagan's Role- Even though these statements were discussed at the summit, they didn't mean anything. However both Reagan and Gorbachev wanted this to work and be successful.
Reagan said he wanted a fresh start in US-Soviet relations, and to have better mutual understanding.
Gorbachev's Role- Even though these statements were discussed at the summit, they didn't mean anything. However both Reagan and Gorbachev wanted this to work and be successful.
Gorbachev had removed the ideological split between East and West a a factor in international relations.
Reykjavik, October 1986
Discussed/ Agreed
With Gorbachev wanting SDI gone and Reagan never accepting it to be gone. Neither sides in Reykjavik were able to limit or eliminate nuclear weapons.
However, there was a discussion on human rights and humanitarian issues but they wouldn't be finalised here. Mainly, what Reykjavik did was gain insight on both nations and their goals and what they were willing to negotiate. Obviously they both wanted to limit arms, as next year the INF treaty was signed,
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Gorbachev's Role- Gorbachev would not agree to any elimination of nuclear weapons, unless Reagan would abandon SDI.
Moscow, May-June 1988
Discussed/ Agreed
The goal for the Moscow Summit was to agree to the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START) which was initially proposed in Geneva and was intense to limit both sides to have 5000 nuclear weapons.
With the INF also being agreed, START should have been signed at Moscow. Instead, the main focus was on cultural exchanges and human rights. They signed seven agreements that included fishing rights and student exchange programmes.
Reagan's Role- The Moscow Summit gave Reagan an opportunity to gain access to the Russian people. He addressed the students of Moscow State University on the theme of freedom.
Gorbachev's Role- Even though the two nations had made great strides in nuclear limitations. Gorbachev was not going to eliminate nuclear weapons until Reagan agreed to wash away the SDI programme.
Washington, December 1987
Discussed/ Agreed
The INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) was signed here, the first significant step to the ending of the arms race.
The treaty had been designed by the US secretary of state, George Schultz and the Soviet foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze. This treaty ended the use of intermediate ballistic and cruise missiles by June 1991. By 1991, the US had destroyed 846 weapons and the USSR had destroyed 1846.
The Soviet Union also made no demands that it should be able to retain one hundred SS-20 missiles as defence against China.
The Soviet Union accepted that British and French nuclear weapons need not be part of the overall deal.
Gorbachev's Role- This whole summit led to Gorbachev's decision to withdraw from Afghanistan. Announce in February 1988, withdrawn in 1989.