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Inter-war Years Core (Italy (Politics (Benito Mussolini: became fascist…
Inter-war Years Core
Italy
Economy
Fascism: a totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns state control over every aspect of national life (did not seek a classless society)
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Politics
Benito Mussolini: became fascist leader of Italy; introduced fascism to the world; used to be socialist and work as an editor; never got as complete control as Hitler or Stalin did
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March on Rome: led to Mussolini's rise to power; ~30,000 fascists marched into Rome and demanded king put Mussolini in charge
Pacification of Libya: war between Italian military forces, and Libyan rebels
Extreme nationalism (loyalty to state, not a king)
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Mussolini attacks Ethiopia to attempt expanding Italy's empire- League of Nations did nothing except condemn attacks
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Social
Black Shirts: organized para-military that terrorized political opponents of Mussolini- attacked Communists and Socialists on street
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Censorship on radio, and other forms of media
Secret police threatened violence and jail to enemies, and citizens
No democracy, no strike, all laws came from Mussolini and supported Fascism
Germany
Economy
Broken economy after Treaty of Versailles; huge debt, and many homeless, suffering Germans
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Politics
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Gestapo and SS (Schutzstaffel): the state's secret police/Nazi party secret police; almost completely combined; terrorized political opponents, and gathered people who were suspected of opposing the government- sent the opponents to concentration camps
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Social
Germans were looking for someone to blame; Hitler provided the Jews, and they followed along
Concentration Camps: Hitler sent many groups of people (Jews, gypsies, homosexuals) to concentration camps; many horrors~ inspired by Stalin
Censorship of radio, movies, and more; state (Hitler) controlled all media available to the public
Propaganda: used to gather more support in the German people (appealed to working class); used portable radios and cameras
Hitler Youth: gathered support from the youth in Germany through different activities (like the cruises for the middle class, and the roles for women)
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Soviet Union
Economy
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Czar Nicholas II: former leader of Russia; maintained Old Regime type control (think French Revolution)
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Totalitarian State: government control over every aspect of public and private life ("total control")
Industrialization was one of Stalin's goals; economy boomed, but the money was now to be shared with everyone
4th ranking in steel industry- economy was growing, but still lacking
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Agricultural Revolution: collective farms; 90% of citizens lived on farms; produced 2x as much wheat as previous years
Politics
Vladimir Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov): led revolution (Bolsheviks); "peace,land, bread"; Czar and family killed; supported Communism
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Joseph Stalin: became leader after Lenin died (1924); battled with Leon Trotsky for power (Lenin supported Leon); was in control of everything
Social
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NKVD: Stalin's secret police that made sure all grain was turned in at the farm; brutal and terrorized citizens
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Great Purge: campaign of terror; destroyed enemies that threatened Stalin's power (even in the Communist Party)
Censorship: not allowed to have individual creativity; government controlled newspapers, movie, and radio
Religious Persecution: replaced all existing religions with communist ideals; Stalin became USSR's new God
Socialist Realism: art praising Soviet life, used as propoganda
Women won equal rights, and helped economy boom
Government controlled education- praised Communist Ideals and swayed kids into believing all of the Soviet ideals
Essay Set-up
Thesis
WWII was a result of many different actions, and countries. The main cause of WWII was the social, economic, and political situations in Italy, the Soviet Union, and Germany.
Intro
Quote: "... the peace, the freedom, and the security of 90% of the population of the world is being jeopardized by the remaining 10%, who are threatening a breakdown of all international order and law." -Franklin D. Roosevelt (Chicago, October 1937)