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Chapter 3 (Lipids (Triglycerides (One glycerol
Three fatty
Broken down…
Chapter 3
Lipids
Triglycerides
- One glycerol
- Three fatty
- Broken down by water
Phospholipid
- Phosphate, hydrophilic head
- Two fatty acids, hydrophobic tail
Sterols
- Have little in common with fats and oils
- Known as steroid alcohols
- Cholesterol
- Different type of lipid
Roles of lipids
- Membrane formation
- Hormone production
- Electrical insulation
Thermal insulation
- Cushioning
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Unsaturation
- Mono-unsaturation, one carbon-carbon double bond
- Polyunsaturated, more than one carbon-carbon double bond
Testing for lipid
Emulsion test
- Sample is mixed with ethanol
- Then mixed with water and shaken
- In the presence of a lipid a white emulsion forms at the top of the solution
Biological elements
Ions
Types of Ions:
- Cation - positively charged
- Anion - negatively charged
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Ionic bonds occur when atoms transfer/gain electrons and then are held together by the opposite charges attracting.
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Bonding
Rules of bonding:
- Carbon forms four bonds
- Nitrogen forms three bonds
- Oxygen forms two bonds
- Hydrogen forms one bond
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are known as saccherides. A single sugar unit is known as a monosaccheride. A long chain of monosaccerides is a polysacceride
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Cellulose
Beta glucose molecules are unable to join by glycosidic bonds like alpha glucose can therefore one molecule is flipped upside down so that they can join.
Cellulose molecules make hydrogen bonds with each other forming microfibrils. these then join to form macrofibrils which forms cellulose used in cell walls
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Protein
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Amino acids
C-H with a carboxyl group, R group and an amine group
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Types
Fibrous
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Keratin, Elastin, Collagen
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Globular
Compact, water soluble and spherical
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Testing for proteins
Biuret test
- Liquid sample mixed with and equal volume of 10% sodium hydroxide solution
- 1% copper sulfate solution added drop at a time until sample turns blue
- Solution mixed and left to stand
- In the presents of protein the solution turns lilac
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