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the brain and special senses (the eye (rods- see brightness, light/dark,…
the brain and special senses
the 4 regions of the brain
cerebrum
Movement, Sensory processing, Olfaction (sense of smell), Language and communication, Learning and memory
composed of left and right hemisphere
contains the five different lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
primary visual cortex: (occipital lobe) process, integrate, and store visual info
visual association area: (occipital lobe) recognizing the visual info
primary gustatory and olfactory cortex: (insula)(temporal) process taste info and provide conscious awareness of smells
primary auditory cortex:(temporal) process, interpret sounds, and store auditory memories
auditory association area:(temporal) recognizing the sounds interpreted
primary somatosensory cortex:(parietal) receive and interpret somatic info from receptors
somatosensory association area:(parietal) recognizing info from receptors
primary motor cortex:(frontal) control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
premotor cortex:(frontal) plan and coordinate learned and skilled motor activities
motor speech area:(frontal) regulate skeletal muscle movements involved in speech
wernicke area: multi association area helps understand spoken or written language(in middle of lateral sulcus)
gnostic area: integrates all info being processed in adjacent lobes to provide a comprehensive understanding of current activity
cerebellum
learned movement
controls movement coordination, balance, equilibrium
diencephalon
thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus
regulating wakefulness to the control of the autonomic nervous system.
brain stem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblangata
life support
the spinal cord
cervical part (C1-7): superior most part of spinal cord, large proportion of white matter to gray
thoracic part (T1-12): lies inferior to the cervical part, large proportion of white matter to gray
lumbar part (L1-5): shorter segment of the spinal cord, white matter is reduced both in proportion to gray matter
sacral part (S1-5): lies inferior to the lumbar part, large proportion of gray matter to white matter
coccygeal part (Co1): most inferior part of the spinal cord
white matter: myelinated axons
gray matter: unmyelinated fibers
ganglia: collection of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS
the eye
rods- see brightness, light/dark
cones- color sensory part of eyes- see shades of red, blue, green
reflect- hits something bounces off
refract- bending light
transmit- pass through light
wavelengths- determine color (roygbiv)
cornea- where light enters, part of sclera
pupil- changes in response to light intensity
iris- colored part of the eye
lens- focuses light on retina
retina- translucent inner tunic, contains rods and cones
fovea centralis- small pit near the center of the retina
choroid- dark middle tunic which absorbs light to prevent refection
sclera- white outermost tunic fro protection and shape
vitreous body- maintains shape and supports the internal part
optic nerve- transmits impulses to the brain, sight
ora serrate- posterior chamber of anterior cavity
light path- 1. cornea 2. iris 3. pupil 4. lens 5. ora serrate 6. vitreous body 7. fovea centralis 8. optic disc 9. optic nerve 10. brain
the ear
stapes- stirrup bone, vibrates 3rd and presses against the oval window( indention in inner ear causes waves of the fluid in inner ear)
inner ear- holds semicircular canals and cochlea
incus- anvil bone, vibrates 2nd
semicircular canals- contains fluids, hair cells, and crystals, fluid moves and bumps the crystals and bumps the little hairs for movement and balance
malleus- hammer bone, vibrates 1st
cochlea- fluid, hair cells, and crystals for sound
middle ear- conduct vibrations to inner ear, holds malleus, incus, and stapes
vestibulocochlear nerve-hearing from cochlea nerve and balance from vestibular nerve
tympanic membrane- sound waves set the membrane in motion (eardrum)
eustachian tube- connects to the back of the throat, helps with equalizing air pressure in ear
auditory canal- carries sound waves from pinna to tympanic membrane
sound in ear path- 1. pinna 2. auditory canal 3. tympanic membrane 4. middle ear 5. inner ear 6. organ of corti 7. vestibulocochlear nerve 8. then to brain
pinna- collects sound waves
organ of corti- inside cochlea for hearing