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Environmental Biology (Terrestrial Biomes (Temperate Grassland…

- - - - The veldts of South Africa, the puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the steppes of Russia, and the plains and prairies of central North America are examples of temperate grasslands.
    - - Precipitation is often highly seasonal, with relatively dry winters and wet summers. Annual precipitation generally averages between 30 and 100 cm.
    - - Winters are generally cold, with average temperatures falling below –10°C. Summers, with average temperatures often approaching 30°C, are hot.
    - - Large grazers such as bison and wild horses, burrowing animals
  - - - Seasonal rainfall averages 30–50 cm per year. The dry season can last up to eight or nine months.
    - - The savanna is warm year-round, averaging 24–29°C, but with somewhat more seasonal variation than in tropical forests
    - - Savanna occurs in equatorial and subequatorial regions
    - - Scattered trees, Grasses and forbs. Large plant-eating animals, migration
  - - - In tropical rain forests, rainfall is relatively constant, about 200–400 cm annually. In tropical dry forests, precipitation is highly seasonal, about 150–200 cm annually
    - - High year-round, averaging 25–29°C with little seasonal variation
    - - Tropical forest occurs in equatorial and subequatorial regions
    - - Broadleaf evergreen trees are dominant in tropical rain forests, animal diversity is
        higher in tropical forests than in any other terrestrial biome
  - - - Temperate broadleaf forest is found mainly at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with smaller areas in Chile, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand
    - - 70 to over 200 cm annually. Significant amounts fall during all seasons, including summer rain and, in some forests, winter snow.
    - - 0°C. to 35°C
    - - A mature temperate broadleaf forest has distinct vertical layers, including a closed canopy, one or two strata of understory trees, a shrub layer, and an herb layer. Mammals hibernate, many migrating birds.
  - - - Extending in a broad band across northern North America and Eurasia to the edge of the arctic tundra, the northern coniferous forest, or taiga, is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth.
    - - 30 to 70 cm, and periodic droughts are common. However, some coastal coniferous forests of the U.S. Pacific Northwest are temperate rain forests that may receive over 300 cm of annual precipitation.
    - - from –50°C in winter to over 20°C in summer
    - - Northern coniferous forests are dominated by cone-bearing trees,many migratory birds nest in northern coniferous forests, other species reside there year-round. The mammals of this biome, which include moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
  - - - Precipitation is low, generally less than 30 cm per year
    - - Varies seasonally and daily, may exceeds 50C or even below -30C
    - - Deserts occur in bands near 30° north and south latitude
    - - Snakes,lizards,migratory birds. Shrubs cacti, scattered vegetation
  - - - 20 to 60 cm annually in arctic tundra but may exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra.
    - - Winters are cold, with averages in some areas below –30°C. Summer temperatures generally average less than 10°C.
    - - Tundra covers expansive areas of the Arctic, amounting to 20% of Earth’s land surface.
    - - herbaceous moss grasses and forbs. large grazing animals
- - - - habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
    - - decomposition by microbes and other organisms, both the water and the soils are periodically
        low in dissolved oxygen. Wetlands have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients and chemical pollutants
  - - - The most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is the speed and volume of their flow
    - - The salt and nutrient content of streams and rivers increases from the headwaters to the mouth. organic matter in rivers consists of dissolved or highly fragmented material that is carried by the current from forested streams
  - - - tanding bodies of water range from ponds a few square meters in area to lakes covering thousands of square kilometers.
    - - Oligotrophic lakes tend to be nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich; eutrophic lakes are nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer and if covered with ice in winter.
  - - - An estuary is a transition area between river and sea. Seawater flows up the estuary channel during a rising tide and flows back down during the falling tide.
    - - Salinity varies spatially within estuaries, from nearly that of fresh water to that of seawater. Salinity also
        varies with the rise and fall of the tides. Nutrients from the river make estuaries, like wetlands, among the most productive biomes.
  - - - An intertidal zone is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores. Upper zones experience longer exposures to air and greater variations in temperature and salinity.
    - - Oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high and are renewed with each turn of the tides.
  - - - The oceanic pelagic zone is a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
    - - Oxygen levels are generally high. Nutrient concentrations are generally lower than in coastal waters. Because they are thermally stratified year-round, some tropical areas of the oceanic pelagic zone have lower nutrient concentrations than temperate oceans
  - - - Coral reefs are formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals. sensitve to temperature changes
    - - Corals require high oxygen levels and are excluded by high inputs of fresh water and nutrients
- - - - Blue jay avoiding monarchs and similar butterflies after a bad dining experience 1 out of 5 stars
  - - - Chimpanzee learning to crack oil plam nuts by observing an experienced elder monkey see monkey dodo
  - - - Digger wasps using visual landmarks to find their nests
  - - - Prairie dogs not giving alarm calls to noises that occur that result in no harm to them
  - - - Gralag geese following a man thinking he is their mother
- - - - due to the earths rotation winds do not go in straight lines but perform a curve motion.
        
        creates wind and water patterns that move to the east toward the equator and to the west toward the poles
- - - - Uniform
      - random
      - Clumped
- - - - J-curve