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Enzymes (Functions (via... (decreasing enthalpy of activation), activator,…
Enzymes
Functions
activator
inhibitor
catalyst
pumps
receptors
regulators
via...
decreasing enthalpy of activation
Classification
hydrolase
hydrolysis
isomerase
rearrangement
oxidoreductase
electron transfer
transferase
f(x) group transfer
lyase
x=x cleavage
ligase
bond formation (ATP hydrolysis)
Enzyme activity
substrate
inhibitors
temperature
pH
Cooperativity
induced-fit
allosteric
T state into R state, allow + substrate
Koshland
R state + substrate = T state
Enzyme assays
linked coenzymes
coenzyme A -
FAD, FMN
NAD, NADP
Terms
coenzymes - organic ions/molecules
prosthetic group - coenzyme attached (covalently)
holoenzyme - enzyme + coenzyme
apoenzyme - enzyme :red_cross: coenzyme
measurement of
product formation
substrate disappearance
Types
Continuous
Discontinuous
Kinetics
Steady-state assumption
ES complex = constant
Michaelis-Menten (rapid equilibrium)
derivatives
V0 = Vmax, [E]T = [ES]
Km = 1/2 Vmax
[E]T = [E] + [ES]
Catalytic efficiency
Kcat / Km
Kcat = Vmax / [E]T
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Biochemical assays
Spectrophotometric
Beer's law
NAD oxidation / NADH reduction
Radiometric
Isotopes
Modified substrate
Chemiluminiscent
Fluroscent
Inhibition
competitive - active site
non-competitive -allosteric
regulation
homotypic
heterotypic (substrate :red_cross: regulator)
mixed
Active site
Models
Lock-and-key
Induced-fit
Bonds
electrostatic
hydrogen
hydrophobic
reversible covalent
van der Waals
Substrate specificity
amino acids residue (active site)
properties
spatial arrangement
