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Brain and Special Senses (Structures of spinal cord and their functions…
Brain and Special Senses
Brain Anatomy (4 regions)
cerebellum
produces control over muscular actions, stores memories of movement patterns
doesn't initiate muscle movement, coordinates and fine-tunes skeletal muscle movements that were initiated by cerebrum
responsible for subconscious motor activities (coordination and maintaining equilibrium
cerebrum
frontal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe
location of conscious thought processes
gyrus
raises areas; depressions throughout are sulcus or fissures
allows you to read/comprehend reading, form/remember ideas, explain what you learn
center of intelligence, reasoning, sensory perception, thought, memory, judgement, voluntary control of skeletal muscle movement, conscious perception of special senses, intellectual
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata (superior to inferior)
connects cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to spinal cord
contains autonomic centers and reflex centers
houses nuclei of many cranial nerves
diencephelon
interthalamic adhesion, hypothalamus, thalamus
provides relay centers for sensory/motor pathways
control of visceral activities
Structures of spinal cord and their functions
white matter
composed primarily of myelinated axons
external to gray matter
tracts-axons in each white matter regions is structured into these small units
gray matter
dominated by neuron cell bodies, dendrites, glial cells, unmyelinated axons
centrally located, internal to white
"H" shaped
motor neurons
spinal nerves
connect via ventral and dorsal roots
ventral roots
strictly motor
dorsal roots
strictly sensory
dorsal root ganglia
houses cell bodies of sensory neurons
Structures of eye and their functions
3 layers of eye
sclera
white, outermost, protection, maintenance of shape
anterior part is the cornea, allows light to enter
choroid
dark layer that absorbs light to prevent reflection
retina
translucent inner layer
contains rods and cones
cones=produce sharp color vision in bright light
rods=specialized for black and white peripheral vision
lacrimal gland
produces tears to lubricate eye
tears contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme)
anterior cavity
contains aqueous humor, which nourishes and maintains shape of front of eye
iris
colored part of eye
opening is the pupil; size of pupil changes in response to light intensity
lens
focuses light on retina
vitreous body (or humor)
viscous fluid that occupies posterior cavity
maintains shape of eye
supports internal parts
Structures of Ear and their functions
External ear
pinna
collects sound waves
external auditory canal
carries sound waves from pinna to tympanic membrane
ceruminous glands secrete wax
hairs and wax trap foreign particles
tympanic membrane
(eardrum) sound waves set the tympanic membrane in motion
Middle ear
ossicles
conduct vibrations to inner ear
malleus
vibrations of tympanic membrane causes vibrations
incus
vibrations of malleus causes vibration
stapes
vibrations in incus causes vibration and presses against oval window
oval window
vibrations of this membrane causes waves in fluid of inner ear
round window
waves of inner ear fluid presses against round window causes it to bulge into middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
equalizes air pressure on two sides of tympanic membrane
Internal ear
semicircular canals
contain sensory cells and fluid
responsible for sense of equilibrium
cochlea
contains fluid that is set in motion by sound waves by tympanic membrane and transmitted via ossicles through oval window
houses organ of Corti
composed of hair cells that are moved against an overlying membrane as cochlear fluid vibrates
hair cells initiate nerve impulses, then transmitted via cochlear branch of auditory nerve to temporal lobe for auditory perception