Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
MitchellMcDowellBio2Ch51-53 (Populations(53) (Humans (Ecological footprint…
MitchellMcDowellBio2Ch51-53
Animal Behavior(51)
Types of Behavior
Associative learining
ability to associate one environmental feature with another
pavlovs dogs
Trial and Error
an animal first learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
rats learn to press a lever for food or crow vending machine
Imprinting
establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
young geese and their mothers
Habituation
same stimulus over and over you learn to ignore it
prairie dogs screaming
Fixed Action Pattern
a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
geese with eggs
Observational Learning
watching somebody else and learning how to do it
Octopus learning how to open a bottle by watching another
Innate
A behavior that you know at birth. From day 1
Grasping reflexes from babies and the hognose snake
Insight
Using logic to figure out a problem
chimps and crows
Ethology
The study of animal behavior
Examples
Stickleback fish
Type of Behavior
Fixed action pattern
Purpose
guard its territory
Observed Behavior
the fish attacked other fish with the red underbelly
Stimulus
red underbelly fish invades territory
Jeweled Wasps
Type of Behavior
Innate
Purpose
reproduce
Observed Behavior
the wasp zombifies a victim to lay an egg on so it can live
Stimulus
so the species lives on
Octopus
Type of Behavior
Observational learning
Purpose
opened the box
Observed Behavior
it learned how to open a box from another
Stimulus
Need for foooood
Major Motivations
Eat
Avoid predators
Mate
Raise young
How do behaviors get passed on?
A behavior doesn't affect survival rate
Natural Selection
benefits those who engage in smart behaviors
Ecology(52)
Types of Ecology
Global
how the regional exchange of energy and materials influences the functioning and distribution of organisms across the biosphere
Landscape
factors controlling exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems
Ecosystem
energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the enviroment
Community
species interactions, such as predation and competition, affect community structure and organization
Population
factors that affect population size and how and why it changes through time
Organismal
concerned with how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet the challenges posed by its environment
Climate
long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area
Some determining factors
Solar energy warms
Establishes temperature varations
cycles air and water
evaporation of water
Earth's movement in space
Tilted axis and rotation
cause seasons
rotates around the sun
Bodies of water
currents heat and cool air
coastal regions are wetter
Mountains
affect air temperature and wetness
Amount of sunlight
Terrestrial Biomes
Tropical Forest
Constant high temp with little seasonal variation
Lots of competition for light
millions of species
Desert
precipitation is low
temp can be extreme
widely scattered vegation
Savanna
low precipitation
scattered trees but lots of grass
fires are common
Chaparral
very seasonal
shrubs and small trees
fires are common as well
Temperate Grassland
seasonal
high variability in temp
ideal places for agriculture
Northern Coniferous Forest
High variability in temp
Coniferous forests
humans are logging to much
Temperate Broadleaf Froest
distinct vertical layers in trees
high variability in temp
too much logging
Tundra
Usually very cold
herbaceous vegetation
oil extraction
Aquatic Biomes
Lakes
chemically variable
runoff from from fertilized land and waste dumping
standing bodies of water
Wetlands
inundated by water
low in oxygen
supports water saturated plants
Streams and Rivers
high speed and volume of flow of water
rich in oxygen
humans degrade water quality
Estuaries
transition area between river and sea
salinity varies spatially
complex network of paths
Intertidal zones
periodically submerged and exposed by tides
oxygen and nutrient levels are high
high diversity
Oceanic pelagic zone
vast realm of open blue
nutrient poor
70% of earth surface
Coral reefs
formed from calcium carbonate
high oxygen and nutrients
global warming killing all coral reefs
Marine benthic zone
seafloor
overfishing badly affecting
no sunlight and cold
Populations(53)
Density
number of individuals per unit area or volume
Dispersion
pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Population
group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
Immigration
influx of new individuals from other areas
Emigration
movement of individuals out of a population
Graphs
Exponetial
shows population growth over time
Logistic
indicates the carrying capacity of a population
Density Independent
birth or death rate does not change with population density
Density dependent
death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density
Humans
Not exponential anymore but still increasing rapidly
We can't kill our Planet!
Ecological footprint
aggregate land and water area required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes