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Ch's 51-53 (definitions (littoral (shallow-has well lit waters close…

- - - - b f skinner--skinner box--rat placed in box with lights/levers teach it complex behaviors with trial and error--same seen in training dogs
    - - continuation with attempts for desired results
  - - - prairie dogs have calls they use to warn of predators but if you go around them over and over again w/o harming them they will become used to it and ignore us=habituate
    - - become used to things that one sees all the time--same stimuli over and over until learned to ignore it
  - - - pavlovs dog--> associate the bell with eating--ringng bell would result in salivation
    - - associate one stimuli with some effect
  - - - the octopus--in an aquarium one sees the other through the glass and will learn how to remove jar as the other did--mirror neurons
    - - looking over and learning from behaviors--watching another organism and mimicking them
  - - - geese imprinting on mother-->ralph laurence experiment of geese ducklings
    - - not learned/but something happening during critical period of lifetime
  - - - the candle problem--must stick to wall and heat it as well--same with chimpanzee with stacks of boxes and banana hanging from ceiling--could eventually figure out problem
    - - able to put things together much like that of a puzzle--combine knowledge to solve a problem
  - - - goose and eggs-will pull anything resembling egg into their nest--egg/lightbulb/other balls resembling eggs
    - - triggered by stimulus--taken until completion
  - - - babies grabbing, sucking
    - - born with, not learned/shown
- - - - salinity varies from fresh to salt water
        
        combined w/ sediments/water creates channels/islands
        
        saltmarsh
        
        worms, oyster, crabs, many fish species
  - - - o2/nutrients generally high
        
        rocky/sandy
        
        marine alage;plants and algae
        
        worms, clams, predatory crustaceans, sponges, sea anemones, small fish, echindoderms
  - - - increase from stream to mouth
        
        stream often narrow, rocky bottom; river wide
        
        phytoplankton and rooted aquatic plants
        
        fishes/invertebrates
  - - - o2 high
        
        covers 70% of earth
        
        phytoplankton;photosynthetic bacteria
        
        zooplankton
  - - - periodically low in dissolved o2
        
        basin=shallow; riverine wetland=banks; fringe wetland=sea
        
        floating pond lilies,emergent cattails, bald sypress
        
        invertebrates, birds, herbivores, carnivores
  - - - o2 high; excluded by high inputs of fresh water/nutrient
        
        fringing reef-> barrier reef-> coral reef
        
        unicellular algae; multi red/green algae
        
        coral
  - - - oligotrophic=o2 rich/nutrient poor; eutophic= nutrient rich/o2 poor
        
        oligotrophic may become more eutrophic
        
        rooted/floating plants (littoral); phytoplankton (lymnetic)
        
        zooplankton; invertebrates, ans fishes
  - - - o2 usually present
        
        soft sediment; areas of rocky substrate
        
        photosynthetic organisms
        
        invertebrate/fish
  - - - chemical characteristics
        
        geologic characteristics
        
        dominant autotrophs
        
        dominant heterotrophs
- - - - 30-50cm
        
        fall/winter/spring 10-12 C; summer=30-40 C
        
        shrubs/small trees/grasses/herbs
        
        browsers (deer and goats)
  - - - 30-11 cm
        
        winter >-10 C; summer 30 C
        
        grasses/forbs
        
        large grazers (deer and bison)
  - - - 30-50 cm yearly
        
        warm year round 24-29 C
        
        fire adapted/tolerant to drought->forbs
        
        insects (especially termites)
  - - - 30-70 cm; droughts common;some over 300 cm
        
        winter -50 C; summer 20 C
        
        cone bearing trees
        
        mouse, brown bears, siberian tigers
  - - - low/highly variable >30cm annually
        
        Max hot= 50 C +; Max cold= -30 C -
        
        succulents (cacti), shrubs, herbs
        
        snakes, lizards, ants, scorpians, beetles, birds, rodents
  - - - 70-over 300 cm
        
        winter 0 C; summer 35 C
        
        deciduous trees
        
        mammals, birds, insects
  - - - rain=200-400cm;dry=150-200cm
        
        year round 25-29 C
        
        rain=broadleaf evergree; tropica;=epiphytes; dry=shrubs
        
        millions/5-30 million still undescribed
  - - - 20-60cm can be over 100 cm
        
        winter -30 C; summer 10 C
        
        herbaceous
        
        large grazing musk oxen
  - - - precipiation
        
        temperature
        
        dominant plants
        
        dominant animals
- - - - south facing receives more sunlight than north facing=dry and warmer
  - - - not new--remember (ice ages)
  - - - westerlies
        
        wind blows west to east
      - doldrums
        
        equatorial region; calm/sudden storms
      - trade winds
        
        wind blows east to west
  - - - think of rain forests and desetes and locations along latitude/air flow
  - - - winter solstice- tilted away from sun
      - tilt most perpendicular- march/September equinox
      - summer solstice- tilted towards the sun
- - - - predation
        
        as prey population builds up then predators more keen to target population
        
        population increase in lemmings caused increased predation by several predators
      - territoriality
        
        can limit population density when space becomes resource for competition
        
        cheetahs use chemical marker to warn other cheetahs of their territory
      - disease
        
        if the transmission rate of a disease increases a the population increases (becomes more crowded) then the disease is density dependent
        
        flu/tuberculosis spread via air
      - intrinsic factors
        
        help regulate population size
        
        white footed mice reproduction can drop even when food/shelter are abundant
      - competition for resources
        
        increasing population increases the competition for resources and nutrients
        
        reduces reproductive rates --farmers minimize effects of resource compeition on wheat
      - toxic wastes
        
        yeasts are used to convert crabs to ethanol in wine making
        
        ethanol that accumulates into the wine toxic to yeasts contributes to the density-dependent regulation of yeast population size
    - - weather (natural disasters)
        
        tsunami, tornado
      - forest fire (bunny living in forest)
  - - - highest populaion
        
        china, india, usa
      - highest growth rate
        
        omen, bahrain, niger
    - - summarized aggregate land and water acquired by each person
        
        developing
        
        small 2.4 acres--1 hectare
        
        developed
        
        1.7 hectares
    - - human growth really began around 1900s--invention of antibiotics ----> figure 53.24
        
        B---> steady/some number of all ages
        
        us
        
        C--->birth rate negative
        
        italy
        
        A--> lots of young people/not a lot of older people
        
        afghanistan
  - - - rate of growth increases as population increases
        
        result in eventual J shape
        
        figure 53.9 of the African elephant population
        
        progressively steeper over time
    - - the per capita of rate of increase reaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity
        
        line tends to level out
        
        figure 53.10 of population growth predicted by the logistic model
  - - - group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
    - - the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
    - - number of individuals per unit of volume
    - - estimation of size of wild life populations
    - - individuals moving in
    - - individuals moving out
    - - defense of a bounded physical space against other individuals
    - - study of the vital statistics of population and how they change over time
    - - age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population
    - - group of individuals of the same age, from birth until death
    - - plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age
    - - fertility schedule
    - - per capita births and deaths are at the same rate
    - - instantaneous growth is greater than 0 and constant in each time
    - - symbolized by K; max population size that a particular environment can sustain
    - - per capita rate increases approaches zero as the population size nears carrying capacity
    - - the traits that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survivalship
    - - one shot pattern of big bang reproduction
    - - repeated reproduction
    - - density dependent
    - - density independent
    - - birth/death rate DOES change w population density
    - - birth/death rate does NOT change w population density
    - - population fluctuations from year to year
    - - number of local populations that are linked
    - - movement from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates
    - - relative number of individuals of each age in the population
    - - the aggregate land and water area required by each person
  - - - deaths
      - immigration (moving in)
      - births
      - emigration (moving out)
    - - uniform
        
        birds on telephone pole
      - random
        
        plants often random/grow where seeds go
      - clumps (grouped)
        
        food/resources