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Ethnicty (Internal factors (Institutional racism (Ethnocentric curriculum,…

- - - - The liberal chauvinists
      - Overt racists
      - The colour-blind
    - - The Rebels
      - The conformists
      - The retreatists
      - The innovators
  - - - Individual racism
      - Institutional racism
    - - Roithmayr
        
        The scale of historical discrimination is so large that there no longer needs t be any conscious intent to discriminate , the inequality becomes self-perpetuating.
      - Gilborn
        
        So deep rooted that it is inevitable of there to be racial discrimination within the educational systen
    - - Gilborn
        
        Allows schools to be selective therefore negative stereotypes influence school admissions
        
        Supported by Moore and Davenport's American research. Selection leads to ethnic segregation
      - Commission for Racial equality
        
        Reports from primary schools that stereotype minority pupils
        
        Racist bias in interviews
        
        Lack of information and application forms in minority languages
        
        Ethnic minority parents are often unaware of how the waiting list system works
    - - Troyna and Williams
        
        National curriculum 'specifically British' and ignores the ethnic minorities culture eg language, literature and music
      - Ball
        
        The history curriculum ignores the history of blacks and Asians
      - Coard adds that the image of blacks is inferior which undermines the black pupils self-esteem and leads to failure
    - - Gilborn
        
        Assessments are 'rigged' to keeps White British in power
        
        Baseline assessments before primary school dropped in 2003 replaced with FSP made black pupils do worse
        
        Concludes FSP is based on teachers judgement
    - - Gifted and talented
        
        Gilborn
        
        states show whites are over twice as likely to be gifted and talented over Black Caribbean and five times more likely than Black African
      - Exam tiers
        
        Tikly et al
        
        Blacks were more likely to be entered for lower tiers than whites therefore can only achieve C's at the highest
    - - Gilborn
        
        Teachers and policymakers make false assumptions about pupils abilities
- - - - Theorists
        
        Lack of motivation as a major cause of failure. Black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic attitude that does not value educationand leaves them unequipt for success
    - - Moynihan
        
        Black familys headed by a lone mother therefore deprived of adequate care. Cyle of inadequately.
      - Sewell
        
        Absence of fathers as a role models that leads to black boys underachieving. lack of 'though love' results n black boys finding it hard to overcome the emotional and behavioural difficuylties of adolesence.
      - Murray
        
        High rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the uderachievement of some minorities
      - Lupton
        
        Asian families is similar to the model that operates in schools.
    - - Bereiter and Enelmann
        
        Language spocken by low-income black American families is inadequate for educational success. Ungrammatical, disjointed and incapable of expressing abstract ideas.
      - Gilborn and Mirza
        
        Note that pupils do very well despite not having English as a first language
    - - Multicultural education
      - Anti-racist education
  - - - Almost half of all ethnic minority children live in low-income households
      - Ethnic minorities are almost twice as likely to be unemployed compared with whites
      - Ethnic minority households are around three times as likely to be homeless
      - Almost half of Bangladeshi and Pakistani workers earned under £7 per hour compared with only a quarter of white British workers
  - - - Racial discrimination leads to social exclusion
    - - Sent 1000 job applications closely matched with stereotypical names for certain ethnic groups eg John Smith is a stereotypical white name.
      - Found that only one in 16 ethnic minority application were offered an interview against 1 in 9 white applicants