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Ethnicity (External Factors (Cultural Deprivation (Families (Sewell)…

- - - - Bereiter and Engelmann = language spoken by low-income black American families is inadequate for educational success (restricted code)
    - - Lack of motivation a major cause of the failure of many black children. Socialised into mainstream culture = ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make necessary sacrifices to achieve. Opposite = "live for today" attitude.
    - - Murray (The New Right) = high rate of lone parenthood & lack of positive male role models --> underachievement of some minorities
      - Pryce = family structure contributes to underachievement of black Caribbean pupils. Asians more resistant to racism and have greater sense of self-worth. Black Caribbean less resistant due to slavery
      - Lawrence = Criticises Pryce, black people under-achieve because of racism, not low self-esteem
    - - Sewell = Lack of fatherly nurturing results in black boys finding it hard to overcome emotional & behavioural difficulties of adolescence. Leads to gangs offering "perverse love", leads to anti-school black masculinity.
    - - Indian and Chinese pupils benefit from support families, have an "Asian work ethic". High value on education
      - Lupton = adult authority in Asian families similar to school model. Respectful behaviour towards adults expected.
      - WWC pupils often underachieve & have lower aspirations. May be result of lack of parents support.
      - Teachers reported poorer levels of behaviour and discipline in WWC schools - despite the fact they have fewer children on free school meals.
      - Evans = street culture in WWC areas can be brutal. Young people have to learn how to withstand intimidation and intimidate others.
    - - Driver = theory ignores positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. E.g. positive female role models for black girls.
      - Keddie = Ethnic minority children are culturally different, not culturally deprived.
      - Multicultural Education: policy that recognises and values minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum.
      - Anti-racist education: policy that challenges the prejudice and discrimination that exists in schools and wider society.