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Brain and Special Senses (Structure of the eye : (Tunics of the eyes…

- - - - Bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem. Impacts several automatic functions necessary for life
    - - Most inferior part of the brainstem. Helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel function, digestion, sneezing, and swallowing
    - - superior portion of the brainstem.It is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, eye movement, and body movement
  - - - Primary visual cortex: receives and processes incoming visual information
      - Primary gustatory cortex: involved in processing taste information.
      - Primary auditory cortex: receives and processes auditory information.
      - Primary somatosensory cortex: touch, pain, pressure, and temperature receptors
    - - Visual association area: Processes visual info by analyzing color, movement, and form.
      - Auditory association area: Interpret the characteristics of sound and store memories of sounds heard in the past.
      - Somatosensory association area:integrates sensory information and interprets sensations to determine the texture, temperature, pressure, and shape of objects.
    - - Primary motor cortex: Controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity.
      - Premotor cortex: plan and coordinate learned skills
      - Motor speech area: regulate skeletal muscle movements involved in speech
  - - - 2 lobes, principal and final relay point for incoming sensory info that is processed and then projected to the primary somatosensory cortex.
    - - Master control of the automatic nervous system and the endocrine system. Regulation of body temperature and sleep-wake rhythms. Control of emotional behavior, food intake, and water intake.
    - - pineal gland- secretes melatonin regulating day-night cycles.
- - - - anterior root: contain motor axons
      - Posterior roots: contain sensory axons.
        
        Posterior root ganglion: contain cell bodies of the sensory neurons.
- - - - Cones: produce sharp color vision in bright light.
      - Rods: specialized for black and white peripheral vision
      - Blind spot: medial to the fovea where axons leave the eye and merge with the optic nerve
    - - Cornea: anterior part of the sclera where light enters because it is transparent.
- - - - Organ of corti: composed of hair cells, these cells initiate the nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the temporal lobe for auditory perception.
  - - - Ceruminous glands secrete wax. Ear wax is natural bug repellent.
  - - - Incus: vibrations of malleus cause incus to vibrate
      - Malleus: "hammer" vibrations of tympanic membrane cause malleus to vibrate.
      - Stapes: vibrations of incus cause stapes to vibrate and press against the oval window.