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Chapter 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence; By: Jenny Tran (Intelligence…
Chapter 13: Problem Solving and Intelligence; By: Jenny Tran
Problem Solving
Steps:
Initial State
Goal state
Operators
Path constraints
Strategies
problem space
the set of all states that can be reached in solving the problem
ex: exploring every corridor in a maze
Hill Climbing
at each point, choose option that moves in direction of goal
limited in use
some problems require you to briefly step away from goal
Improve problem solving strategies
Drawing a diagram
ex: bookworm problem
drawing on experience
ex: Tumor problem
Experts:
use analogies
comprehend deep structure
break up into subproblems
meaningful chunks of info
able to memorize chess pieces as good as expert chess players
Problem Solving Set (Einstellung)
collection of beliefs and assumptions a person makes about a problem
ex: water jar problem
interferes with subsequent performance
costs and benefits:
blind you to important options
enables you to focus, be more productive on options that are likely to work out
without: become distracted by silly notions that even the simplest problems are insolvable
Function Fixedness
tendency to be rigid in how one thinks about an object's function
ex: the candle problem
ex: two string problem
both problems involve in coming up with new uses for common objects
Creative Thought
stages
preparation
incubation
illumination
Evidence
Evidence
don't include described steps
"mini-insights" rather than a full blown aha moment
spreading activation
fatigue
early efforts dominated by certain approach -> set aside -> forget -> explore new tactics
Traits of creative people
willing to take risks
a lot of knowledge
intense motivation
some amount of luck
Divergent thinkers
ability to spot novel connections among ideas, connections other have missed
Intelligence
issues associated with tests
tests can improve with instruction
narrow domans of expertise
culturally biased
Validity
whether test actually measures what it's intended to measure
Reliability
how consistent a measure is, consistency from 1 occasion to another
Generalized Intelligence
called on for virtually any intellectual task
Specialized Intelligence
collection of specific tasks
Fluid Intelligence
ability to deal with novel problems, how well and efficient you learn
peaks at early adulthood and declines steadily
Crystallized Intelligence
acquired knowledge
increases with age
Other Intelligence:
Practical: needed for skilled reasoning in day to day settings
Rationality: capacity for critically assessing info as it is gather in the natural environment
Emotional Intelligence: ability to understand one's emotion and ability to control it
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences: 8 types, calendar calculators
Biological:
identical vs fraternal: greater genetic resemblance, greater IQ similarity
Environmental
greater age difference -> grew up in different environment
widely spread resemble less than closely spaced siblings
Poor environment
older: tend to have lower IQ due to being in environment longer
removal: increase in IQ
Flynn Effect
around the globe, there has been an increase in IQ tests in last few decades
can't be genetic
factors:
3rd world: improvement in nutrition and health care
affluent: intelligence promoted (browsing internet, reading back of cereal box)
Stereotype Threat
negative impact that social stereotypes can have on task performance
African American taking IQ test
expected to do poorly -> erode performance
decide not to expend efforts
Study: African Americans given exact same tests. 1 group: intelligence test; 2nd group: composed of challenges, not assessing IQ
1st group: stereotype threat -> did worse