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Embedded Hardware (A great design is also that's easy to debug (10.11…
Embedded Hardware
A great design is also that's easy to debug
Diagnostics
connecting tools
other Thoughts
Construction Methods
Power and Ground Planes
Ground Problems
Excessive inductance or resistance in the ground circuit, resulting in “ground loops”
Lack of or insuffi cient isolation between the different grounds in a system: earth,safety, digital, and analog grounds
Nonideal grounding paths, resulting in the currents fl owing in one circuit inducing a voltage in another circuit
Electromagnetic Compatibility
10.7 Electrostatic Discharge Effects
Fault Tolerance
10.8 Hardware Development Tools
Passive analysis tools
Active Tools
10.8.1 Instrumentation Issues
Use the shortest possible test leads, especially for the ground connection on fast logic.
Use high-impedance probes, especially designed for high-speed applications, such as
high-speed FET input scope probes.
10.9 Software Development Tools
10.10 Other Specialized Design Considerations
10.10.1 Thermal Analysis and Design
10.10.2 Battery-Powered System Design Considerations
10.11 Processor Performance Metrics
10.11.1 IPS
10.11.2 OPS
10.11.3 Benchmarks
Logic Circuit
NOR
OR
XOR
AND
Embedded Board Buses and I/O
board IO
Serial I/O
parallel I/O
Board Buses
Bus Arbitration and timing
READ/Receive
Write Transmit
Embedded Processors
Instruction Set Architecture
ISA
Internal Processor Design
Processor Performance
CPI
average number of clock cycles per instruction
CPI = Σ (CPI per instruction * instruction frequency)
At this point the total CPU’s execution time can be determined by:
CPU execution time in seconds per program = (total number of
instructions per program or instruction count)
(CPI in numberof cycle cycles / instruction)
(clock period in seconds per
cycle) = ((instruction count) * (CPI in number of cycle cycles /
instruction)) / (clock rate in MHz)
CPU throughput (in bytes/sec or MB/sec) = 1 / CPU execution
time =CPU performance
MIPS
MIPS = Instruction Count / (CPU execution time
106) = Clock
Rate / (CPI
106)
Embedded Board Buses and I/O
Memory Systems
