Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
:star: Academic Writing :star: (Definitions (Paragraph: is a group of…
:star: Academic Writing :star:
Introduction:
Process Writing
Drafting
Step 4:
Write
your paragraph or essay from start to finish.
Reviewing and revising
Step 5:
Review structure and content
Pre-Writing
Step 2:
Gather Ideas
Step 3:
Organise
Step 1:
Choose a topic
Rewriting
Step 7:
Proofread
(add more details)
Step 8:
Make final corrections
(change your organization)
Step 6:
Revise structure and conten
t (explain something more clearly)
2. The Structure of a Paragrah
The supporting sentences
These are sentences that talk about or explain the topic sentence.
The concluding sentences
It can finish a paragraph by repeating the main idea or just giving a final comment about the topic.
The topic sentences
It is the main idea of the paragraph.
3. The Development of a Paragraph
Concluding sentences
Sums up
the main points
Restates
the main idea in a different way.
Paragraph Development
Explanation
tells the reader what something means or how something works.
Example
is a specific person, place, thing, or event that supports and idea or statement.
Details
are specific points that tell more about a general statement.
Peer editing
To do
The first time:
Ask yourself, "What is it about? What is the writer´s purpose?
The second reading:
look at specific parts of the writing and make notes.
Don´t look for grammar or spelling mistakes.
Pay attention just to the content and organisation of the work.
Reasons
to share writing with others
is for you to read more examples of writing.
to get a reader´s opinion
about your writing.
1. Pre-Writing
Choose a topic that
is not too narrow.
is not too broad.
Brainstorming:
Gather Ideas
Freewriting:
Writing whatever comes into head about your topic, without stopping.
Mapping:
Write your topic (in the middle) and put ideas (above or below), with circles around them and connect wih lines.
Making a List
: Write single words, phrases, or sentences that are connected to your topics.
Editing:
Choose wich ideas are the most interesting, and which are themost relevant to your topic.
Definitions
Paragraph
: is a group of five to ten sentences that give information about a topic.
Peer editing:
Showing your work to another student is a very useful way to improve your writing.
Brainstorming:
is a way of gathering ideas about a topic.
Essay:
is a group of paragraphs written about a single topic and a central main idea.
Pre-Writing:
is planing what you are going to write.
Thesis statements:
is a sentence that gives tha main idea of a essay.
Outline:
is a list of the information you will put in your essay.
Introduction:
is organised by the most general ideas to the most specific idea.
Cohesive devices:
are words and phrases that connect sentences and paragraph together, creating a smooth flow of ideas.
Coherence:
Ideas that are arranged in a clear and logical way are coherent.
Unity in writing:
is the connection of all ideas to a single topic.
Topic sentence:
gives the main idea of a paragraph.
5. Opinion Paragraphs
An opinion
is an idea or belief about a particular subject.
A fact
is a piece of information that is true.
Writers use facts
to show why they hold their beliefs.
to support their opinions
Writters Use
grammatical methods
Modal auxiliary verbs
Affirmative
: could, should, ought to, has to/ must.
Negative
: doesn´t have to, shouldn´t, can´t / must not.
Connectors
of cause
: because, since
and effect
: Therefore, so.
4. Descriptive and Process Paragraphs
Descriptive Paragraphs
Describing the place around you
Using prepositions.
Describing a character
Using adjectives for describing people.
explains how someone or something looks or feels.
Process Paragraphs
Using
Transitions
words and phrases show the order of steps.
explains how something is done.
6. Comparison / Constrast Paragraphs
To compare
means to discuss how two people, place,or things
are similar.
Using comparative structures
To contrast
means to discuss how two people, place,or things
are different.
Using contrastive structures
Two Methods
Method 1:
Points about topic A
Points about topic B
Topic sentence - two topics (A and B)
Cocluding sentence
Method 2:
Topic sentence - two topics (A and B)
First Point about topic (A1, B1)
Second Point about topic (A2, B2)
Third Point about topic (A3, B3)
Fourth Point about topic (A4, B4)
Cocluding sentence
Fifth Point about topic (A5, B5)
Also to talk about
Advantage
(positive points)
Disadvantage
(negative points)
to discuss about people,place or things
if are differences /
Contrast
If it has positive points /
Advantage
if are similar /
comparison
If it has negative points /
Desadvantage
7. Problem / Solution Paragraphs
A Problem Paragraph
:!?: explains the problem.
A Solution Paragraph
Strong Solution :check:
Weak Solution :red_cross:
Using conditional structures
(first conditional) If present ; modal ( will, can, could, should, etc)
Liking phrases
some examples
One solution is...
One thing we can do is ...
In order to overcome these problems, ...
A second / third / final aswer is ...
8. The Structure of an Essay
Main Body
Explains the thesis statements.
Conclusion
It summarises or restates the thesis statements and the supporting ideas.
Introduction
It explains the topic with general ideas.
It has a
thesis statements.
(about the topic)
should not give only a fact.
gives the autor´´s opinion or states
9. Outlining an Essay
Before
write an essay
, it is a way useful of
organising ideas
and seeing
how they will work together
.
Use
capital Roman letters
(A, B, C, etc.) / Use one letter for each
supporting idea
.
Use
Arabic numerals
(1, 2, 3, etc.) / to give
details
for supporting points.
Use
Roman numerals
(I, II, III, IV, V)
Introduction
Main Ideas
Conclusion
10. Introduction and Conclusions
Introduction:
Make it strong
gives several sentences of information
states the thesis (the main idea) of a essay.
introduces the topic clearly
Make it interesting
interesting facts or statistics
a personal story or example
an interesting quotation
Conclusion:
The importance
restates the thesis (using different words).
make a final comment
summarises the main points of the essay.
may emphasise an action that you would like the reader to take.
11. Introductions and Unity
Coherences
Type of writing
Group ideas and explain them in a logical order
Organise in point-by-point or block style
Order by position, size, and shape of things
Order from least important to most importante
Order by time or order if events / steps
Type of organization
Description
Classification
Chronology
Comparison / constrast
Argumentation / persuasion and cause / effect
Cohesives device
Pronoun references
Repetition of key ideas
Transition
Unity
In a main body paragraph:
the supporting ideas must connect to the topic senteces.
In an essay:
all ideas must connect to the thesis statements.