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biotechnolgy (GMO (Bacterial Genetic Engineering (transformation (S1 (The…

- - - - RE
        
        Eco R1
        
        leaves “sticky ends”
        
        Hpa 1
        
        leaves blunt ends
    - - S1
        
        The gene to be transferred (4) is located on the plasmid of bacterial cell 1 (3), but not on the plasmid of bacterial cell 1, a restriction enzyme (5) is used.
      - S2
        
        Bacterial cell 2 takes up the gene
      - S3
        
        The enzyme DNA ligase (6) adds the gene to the plasmid of bacterial cell 2 by forming chemical bonds between the two segments which join them together.
      - S4
        
        The plasmid of bacterial cell 2 now contains the gene from bacterial cell 1 (7)
    - - a collection of gene clone that represents the genetic material of an organism
        
        used in genetic engineering
        
        By using restriction enzymes, ligation techniques and plasmids it is possible to synthesise the product of any gene.
  - - - By inserting eukaryotic mRNA for insulin production along with reverse transcriptase into bacteria, the mRNA can insert itself into the prokaryote's genome, and large amounts of insulin can be created.
  - - - transform bacteria for a wide range of products.
        **E.g. insulin, HGH, Factor VIII and Chymosin**
    - - viruses have mechanism to infect susceptible cell and replicate themselves,
        a genetically engineered virus can deliver desired DNA sequence into the target host cell.
    - - The liposomes fuse with the cell membrane
        (or nuclear membrane) and
        deliver the DNA into the cytoplasm/nucleus
    - - A cell in held in place with a pipette under a microscope and foreign DNA is injected directly into the nucleus using fine needle.
    - - Gold particles coated with foreign DNA segments are fired into the host cell.
- - - - RFLP
- - - - cell fusion
      - new bioprocessing techniques
      - recombinant DNA
  - - - cheese making
      - brewing wine & beer
      - bread-making
    - - the use of microorganisms
        
        perform specific industrial processes.
    - - insulin
      - recombinant DNA
      - antibody