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Henry VIII (Thomas Wolsey (Succesess (Thomas Cromwell (Privy Council…

- - - - MP from 1523
      - Soldier and lawyer
      - Chief minister in 1532
      - Manages English Reformation
      - Brilliant administrator
      - Revolutionised government by making key changes
      - Executed in 1540 after being made Earl of Essex
      - Privy Council
        
        Streamlined
        
        More like a government board
        
        Staffed by men of talent
      - Finance
        
        New financial departments
        
        Exchequer
        
        Court of Augmentations
      - King in Parliament - meets more frequently and King works through it
      - Council of Wales and North
      - Useful fixer after 1529
      - Establishes Henry as Head of the Church
      - Dissolution of the monastaries
      - Power more centralised
      - Unpopular - created factions
      - Act of Union 1536 (England and wales united as one)
- - - - 14th April 1536 first act of dissolution
        
        Stated that all religious houses with an annual income of less than £200 were to be "suppressed"
        
        Three out of Ten religious houses where closed by this act
        
        Monastery land was seized and sold off cheaply to nobles and merchants
        
        All precious metals, all altar furnishings and other high-value items such as bells and roofing lead, became the property of the Crown
        
        monks and nuns were relocated to religious houses that remained open.
        
        The merchants and nobles then sold some of the lands to smaller farmers. This meant that a large number of people had good reason to support the monasteries being closed.
      - Consequences
- - - - Had only met seven times during Henry 7th’s reign
- - - - October 1536
      - A lawyer named Robert Aske formed an army to defend the monasteries
      - The 'army' was joined by priests carrying crosses and banners. Leading nobles in the area also began to give their support to the rebellion.
      - The rebels marched to York and demanded that the monasteries should be reopened.
      - Contained over 30,000 people
      - Charles Brandon, the Duke of Suffolk, was sent to Lincolnshire to deal with the rebels.
      - He advanced quickly from Suffolk to Stamford, gathering troops as he went.
      - Henry VIII's army was not strong enough to fight the rebels in Norfolk
      - As soon as the rebel army had dispersed. Henry ordered the arrest of the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace. About 200 people were executed for their part in the rebellion- including Robert Aske
      - Causes
        
        Rebels demanded the monasteries be reopened
        
        The main cause was that commoners (backed up by nobles) had serious concerns about the direction of religious reforms.
        
        A reason that the nobles may have joined is their possible belief that feudal’ rights were being eroded and replaced with more modern methods that, in their opinion, undermined the power that they believed was theirs by right. The blame for this erosion of local power was put on Thomas Cromwell.
        
        Opposition to Cromwell - to some, he was viewed as a heretic and noblemen where angry about Cromwells rise to power
        
        Richard Aske made the rebellion a pilgrimage - Made rebels take a pilgrim oath and wear the Five wounds of Christ.
        
        Food shortages and agricultural issues - high food prices because of bad harvests in 1535 and 1536
    - - The Marcher Councils
        
        North
        
        Wales
      - Nobility
      - JP's
        
        Unpaid job but they had to take it seriously
- - - - Henry wanted to invade France
      - Henry required additional funds of £800,000
      - Parliament was unlikely to support war because Henrys previous attempts at invasion had failed.
      - This eventually led to England being nearly bankrupt, which in the future caused problems for Edward
      - Should have been levied with parliament authority but was not so legal framework was extremely weak - also bought to Parliament by Wolsey, who was becoming increasingly unpopular.
    - - It provoked an open rebellion in Suffolk and a taxpayer strike.
      - Wolsey was forced to abandon the Grant and reduce the payments
      - Major rebellions took place at cloth manufacturing towns of Lavenham and Kent, which spread across East Anglia.
      - These were suppressed for the King by the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, but the damage had already been done to Wolsey's tax
      - LONG TERM - Wolsey was unable to provide the money for an invasion and this, along with the civil disorder, could have contributed to his downfall in 1529.