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memory pt.2 (retrieval failure: (CUES (meaningful e.g. mnemonic techniques…
memory pt.2
retrieval failure:
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ESP: memory recall will be most effective if the information that was present at encoding is also present at the time of retrieval
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PROBLEMS WITH THE ESP: this principle cannot be tested so one can only assume if a cue was encoded or not. Therefore there is a lack of reliability to the theory
LOW EXTERNAL VALIDITY: lab based memory tests are artificial and do not explain forgetting in everyday situations. Things we learn in everyday life cannot be associated with a single cue
NOT COMPREHENSIVE: the presence or absence of the cues only affects memory when you test it in certain way. The theory of forgetting has limited usefulness
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REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS: this understanding can help people trying to remember information by making effort to recall the environment and specific cues to aid memory, for example with COGNITIVE INTERVIEWS...
cognitive interviews
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CHANGE PERSPECTIVE
should recall from other people's perspectives, as this doest allow them to recall the schema's expectations
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TIME CONSUMING: requires more time and special training which may be expensive to provide, so this means it is unlikely that the proper version will be implemented
VARIATIONS ARE USED: different police forces evolve their own methods are thus it is difficult to draw conclusions about CI and its effectiveness as a whole
PRODUCES AN INCREASE IN INACCURATE INFO: there is an increase of incorrect thus it needs to be treated with caution
SUPPORT FOR EFFECTIVENESS: a meta-analysis showed that the ECI collected more correct info- this benefits society
SOME ELEMENTS ARE USEFUL: it was found that a combination of some elements had significant effects on recall, this shows that CI should be used even if not in full
misleading information
Leading questions
Loftus and Palmer
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the leading questions and critical verb biased the EW recall and influenced the way people responded
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post-event discussion
when co-witnessess discuss what they saw surrounding an event and this influences the accuracy of recall by contaminating EWT and combining information the they did not originally have in their memories
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REAL LIFE-APPLICATIONS: this understanding is crucial in police interviews and improving the legal system
LOW EXTERNAL VALIDITY: the participants watched film clips of a car crash which mean that there was a lack of the real stress associated with a real accident
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS: in lab studies people do not want to seem unhelpful or as not knowing the answer therefore people give what they deem to be helpful, but this may be inaccurate
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERECES: older people are found to be less accurate in their recall so variable like this may lower the internal validity
CONSEQUENCES OF EWT: people in research know there are not as important consequences as in real life situations so this may lower the validity
anxiety
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Yuille and Cutshall
witnesses to a real life shooting, interviewed 5 months after
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Parker et al
interviews people affected by hurricane to see if there was a link between memory and the damage to their homes
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anxiety was operationalised by damage to homes but this may not have reflected the experience anxiety
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Valentine and Mesout
visitors to a horror labyrinth were divided into low/ high anxiety situations and asked to describe what they encountered
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quasi experiment = no random allocation which meant participant variables may have influence results
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