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Biological explanations (Schizophrenia (Dopamine hypothesis (A01 - Too…

- - - - Lots is released
      - Not being broken down by enzyme
      - Too many D2 receptors
      - D2 receptor are too sensitive
    - - Carlsson
        
        Meta-analysis
        
        Decrease in glutamate - receptors being blocked
    - - Randrup and Munkvad (66)
        
        Raised dopamine levels in rats by injecting with amphetamine leading to change of behaviour becoming more stereotyped, aggressive and isolated showing increase dopamine leads to increase in psychotic type behaviour, consistent with that shown by schizophrenics.
        
        Cannot be generalised to humans - rats biology may not be the same as humans biology.
  - - - The genes for schizophrenia are inherited which could be the reason for some symptoms.
      - It is thought that the presence of certain types of genetic mutations may be necessary for the disorder to be triggered.
      - These genes can cause critical neural pathways in the brain to be disrupted or damaged.
      - It is also possible that it is genetics that cause excess production of/ sensitivity to dopamine
    - - Gottesman + Shields (66)
        
        Aim - How far was schizophenia genetic?
        
        Procedure - gathered secondary data from hospitals starting in 1948 covering next 16 years.
        
        Results - concordance rates MZ - 42% DZ - 17%
        
        Must still be another factor affecting this otherwise it would have been 100% for MZ twins.
        
        Conclusion
        
        Behaviour is part genetic and part environmental triggers.
        
        Diathesis-stress model used in explanation.
        
        Genes lead to predisposition for schizophrenia lowering their ability to cope with stress.
    - - Adoption studies assume random placement of Schizophrenic adopted children - children are placed with parents who are no more similar to their biological parents than by chance.
      - Concordance rates for MZ twins are not 100% therefore there must be other factors affecting this.
- - - - When you have too little of these, you feel depressed or down.
      - Causes of depression include:
        
        Too little is released
        
        Being broken down by enzyme before binding - Degredation
        
        The enzyme is called MAO-A
        
        Too few receptors
        
        Receptors aren't sensitive enough
    - - Old drug taken to stop depression
      - Bad side effects