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Task 2: Models and data - from 1D to 3D (Findings of the tasks (Graphs…

- - - - Arousal: related to phasic arousal, because arousal is supposed to be a matter of rapid but transient reactions to outside stimulation.
      - Activation: related to tonic arousal, which varies more slowly and is primarily a function of the internal state of the organism.
      - Computational stages are supposed to receive, and cannot function without, energetic supply from the two basal energetic systems. Normal conditions = energetic supply is assumed to be optimal, so computational processes can be studies without worrying about energetics.
        
        abnormal conditions can affect energetic supply because either too little or too much is supplied. Disruptive as processing demands increase.
        
        e.g. night of loss sleep. Too little supply of arousal system affects the efficiency of perceptual processing, as perceptual demands increase. Interaction of effect of sleep loss and stimulus quality on CRT suggest that sleep loss impairs the supply of arousal. Also, too little supply of activation can harm level of preparation for action. Sleep loss affects = arousal and activation. Selective effect, do not affect central stages, like response selection.
        
        if too much energetic supply, some computational systems may be flooded -facing emotional or threatening stimuli. When under high stress => performance is least affected in well-practiced task-
    - - Supply additional energy to the arousal and activation systems because they fall short they tend to flood. Task of minimising the damage of adverse conditions. Response selection = depends on effort and not in the basal mechanisms.
      - This effort system should be kept informed about the state of the two basal-systems => the model proposes an evaluation system that collects information about whether the flow of ongoing process is proceeding satisfactorily. The effort system regulate their mutual connection, so a sudden change in arousal do not propagate to the activation system that is connected to motor stages (cuando alguien golpea inesperadamente la primera vez, saltas, y despues eso se reduce)
        
        Combination of behavioral inhibition and high arousal may be responsible for some noticed dissociations of psychophysiological responses (in situations that create a readily response, effort mechanism may disconnect arousal from activation, to reduce the error rate)
        
        suboptimal arousal or activation may often, but not invariably, be compensated. However, as time proceeds, the contribution of effort is likely to diminish, and this means that performance declines to a level that can´t be handled by the available supply from basal systems. => Effort is only invoked to force performance up, not normal condition.
        
        If there is low arousal, energetic supply is more variable. If the basal condition are too high, this can disorganise and activate, and more often occurrence of bad reactions and errors => behavioral inhibitions that could block activity form some time.
  - - - stimulus pre-processing
      - feature extraction
    - - response choice: more related to effort
      - motor adjustment: influenced mainly by activation
- - - - Reaction time: readiness (or preparedness) to respond can results in faster reaction times. Normally, reaction time is rather a bit skewed to the right than normally distributed
      - Accuracy: the more alternatives, the lower the percentage correct expected by chance alone.
        Speed-accuracy trade-off: RT and accuracy are inversely related (increases in speed lead to reduced accuracy). This trade-off is not linear, but S-shaped. Two forms: macro trade-off (reflects differences in personal strategies between participants; risky or conservative) and micro trade-off (reflects differences in strategy within a participant in following trials).
    - - Locality
      - Detachability
      - Replaceability
      - Independence= testable, so exploited in AFM. If you affect one factor, and it doesn´t effect the other  they are independent from one another (two processes)
      - functional distinctness
    - - Effect of a factor with two levels = difference between mean RTs at its two levels. The effect of one particular level is called simple effect. The mean of all simple effects is called main effect.
      - When the combined effect of factors (F and G) is the sum of the individual effects, then they are said to be “additive” (= invariant). When the effect of one factor (F) on the sum of the individual effects is modulated by the level of the second factor (G), then F and G are said to be “interact”.
      - Levels of a factor = set of its values used in experiment. e.g. factor gender has level male and female. Simplest form = a factorial experiment has two factors and a condition for each possible combination of factor levels.
      - Stage robustness: - The effect of two variables (additive, interactive) should remain the same on each level of a third variable (they should not interact in a third order) A factor is a manipulation, if we find two different factors working independently, we can say that they correspond to an specific stage. But if they interact, there is one stage. (Johnson´s article).