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human physiology (Excretory System and Osmoregulation (reabsorption…
human physiology
Excretory System and Osmoregulation
define
excretion
the removal of metabolic waste products from the body
osmoregulation
the control of the water balance of the blood, tissue or cytoplasm of a living organism.
nephron
functional unit of the kidney
ultrafiltration
occurs
hydrostatic pressure forces blood through a semi-permeable membrane
separating blood cells
large proteins from the remainder of the serum
Water, urea, salts, glucose and other small molecules all end up in the
Bowman’s capsule
reabsorption
Mineral ions vitamins, glucose and sodium are
actively transported
by membrane proteins
Water follows the movement of the ions passively, by
osmosis
microvilli cell
increase the surface area for the absorption of materials
a large number of mitochondria
as reabsorption from the filtrate involves
active transport
Bowman's capsule
All glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones are reabsorbed here, along with most of the mineral ions and water.
Loop of Henle
limb
descending limb
impermeable to salts
permeable to water
ascending limb
permeable to salts
impermeable to water
function
create a salt
bath concentration in the fluid surrounding the tubule
as the loop descends into the medulla, the interstitial fluid becomes more salty
and less salty as it ascends into the cortex
As the vasa recta blood network that surrounds the loop flows in the opposite direction (this further multiplies the effect)
oamoregulation
ADH
a hormone released from the pituitary gland in response to a lack of water
increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water
allowing more water to be reabsorbed by osmosis
When the individual is suitably rehydrated, ADH levels will decrease
substance
glucose
in blood plasma and glomerular filtrate
urea
in blood plasma, glomerular filtrate and urine
Pr
in blood plasma
reproduction
early embryo development
morula
blastocyst
trophoblast
placenta
fluid filled cavity
blastocoel
inner mass of cells
embryo
oocyte
occur
oviduct to uterus
(reach) blastocyst embed in the endometrium
HCG
endometrium
blood-rich
sustained by hormone progesterone
A fertilised zygote develops into a blastocyst that secretes human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
HCG maintains the corpus luteum post-ovulation
the blastocyst can remain embedded in the endometrium and continue to develop.
placenta develops and produces progesterone
(at around 8 - 10 weeks), at which point the corpus luteum is no longer needed
forming
oogenesis
ovary
two divisions of meiosis
unequal division of cytoplasm
the degeneration of polar body
spermatogenesis
testis
two divisions of meiosis
cell differentiation
placenta
nourish
formed from the development of the trophoblast
(upon implantation)
dis-shaped
umbilical cord
connect foetus to placenta
facilitates the exchange of materials between the maternal blood and foetal blood capillaries
hormonal role
progesterone
maintains the endometrium
reduces uterine contractions and maternal immune response(no antibodies against foetus)
oestrogen
stimulate
growth of the muscles of the uterus
the the development of the mammary glands
muscles & movement
human elbow joint
capsule
seals the joint
bones
radius
bicep
ulna
tricep
humerus bone
firm anchor
synovial fluid
lubricate
muscles
bicep
bend
tricep
straighten
antagonistic muscles (in pairs)
cartilage
smooth & tough
movement
muscles contract
tendon
ligament
nerve signal
bone
neurotransmitter
amnion & amniotic fluid
amniotic fuild
creates buoyancy
foetus do not need to support its own body weight while the skeletal system develops
allow some movement
allows the foetus to strengthen muscles
good at absorbing pressure
protects the child from impacts to the uterine wall
prevents dehydration of the tissues
Maintain constant temperature
amnion
Prevents entry of pathogens
Hold amniotic fluid
