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Policies to Reduce Degradation Environment (Vehicular Standard :car: …
Policies to Reduce Degradation Environment
Policy - A principle of action proposed by organization/individual
3 levels
Local Pollution
:house:
Concern with quality of air, :droplet:, soil
Services: :droplet: supply, collection & disposal of waste, street cleaning
Planning by Local goverment
Lack of resources & bad management
Regional Pollution
:world_map:
Deal at state, national and international
Caused by :bus: :articulated_lorry: :car:, Thermo power plant, Heavy industry
Crossed border, large metropolises
Handled by: UNED - United Nation Environment Programme, EPA - US Environmental Protection Agency
Acid :rain_cloud:, :ocean: pollution
Global Pollution
:earth_asia:
Only be solved at international level (under UN)
Destruction of stratospheric ozone layer, climate change, loss of biodiversity, organic pollutant.
3 Elements for effective response
Set price on carbon emission - taxes, trade, regulation
Support innovation & development of new technology
Remove barriers to EE
Environmental Law & Energy
Government environmental policies
Making law related to neighbour nuisances (unpleasant smoke)
Protection of landscape, forest :deciduous_tree:, localize ecosystem.
Example
Clean Air Act 1956 - Pollution in London
Clean Air Act 1970 - thermonuclear energy
Malaysian Environment Quality Act 1974 - restriction to discharge waste to environment
Rio-92 UN Conference on Environment & Development
Concept: Common but differentiated responsibilities - all repair damage but according to their contribution to total impact
Public trusteeship - protect assets common use :droplet:
Vehicular Standard
:car: :articulated_lorry: :oncoming_bus:
Overreaching principle - clean vehicle
Principle for fuels - banned lead
Principle for conventional pollutant & toxic standards - :arrow_down: emission
Principles for controlling emission over vehicle lifetime - real-time measurement
Principle for green houses gases - measure to :arrow_down: green house emission
Principle for advanced technology - strong technology programme
Energy Policies
:star: Resource Planning
:star: Informative Programme
:star: Financial instruments
Explanation: Promote growth of energy from renewable energy sources
Market-Based Policies to Promote Green Energy
Cap and Trade Policy - Provide incentives and reduction in emission of pollutants
Green certificates - To industrial player & :arrow_heading_up: Customer's trustwortiness