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memory pt.1 (interference theory: (McGeoch and McDonald: (pp's had to…
memory pt.1
interference theory:
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occurs when two pieces of information conflict with eachother, resulting in the forgetting of one or both...
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McGeoch and McDonald:
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the 6 groups of pp's then had to learn a new list of words; each groups' list varied in similarity to the original list
e.g. synonyms, unrelated words, random syllables
it was found that the groups with the most similar second list had the worst recall = worst interference
SUPPORTING RESEARCH: Mcgeoch and McDonalds research on the effects of similarity was a lab experiment with standardised procedures and controlled variables. This means there was high replicability and this gives conclusion strong scientific credibility and confidence in explaining interference
REAL LIFE STUDIES: field experiment carried out by Baddeley and Hitch with rugby players. they wanted to see if interference was a better explanation for forgetting than the passage of time and it was found that accurate recall of the names of the teams played did not depend on how long ago it took place, but how many people had been played in-between the time period.
LOW EXTERNAL VALIDITY: the evidence provided by M&M used artificial materials and tasks which means they do not represent real life situations.
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TIME BETWEEN LEARNING: unrealistic time constraints due to practicality of research means that the findings have low ecological validity
long term memory:
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CASE STUDY EVIDENCE: Clive Wearing suffered damage to his episodic memory due to amnesia, but could still play piano so his procedural memory was intact. This shows that there are separate LTM stores
NEUROIMAGING EVIDENCE: supporting evidence from PET scans show that different LTM stores are in different locations. This gives scientific credibility to the explanation of multiple independent memory stores
REAL LIFE APPLICATION: allows psychologists to target certain types of memory to improve them for people affected by mild cognitive impairment as this predominantly affects the episodic memory. This allows for specific treatments to be developed
USE OF CASE STUDIES: there is a lack of control of EVs and these are usually unique situations which means they may not be generalisable to the wider population and thus have limited usefulness
ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION: Cohen and Squire disagree that the LTM is divided into three stores, as it is thought that the Ep. and Sem. are stored in one LTM type called declarative memory
multi-store model:
Stimuli
SENSORY REGISTER
stored here for a brief period, before given attention: 1/2 a second
attention
STM
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maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat material to ourselves over and over again... if rehearsed long enough it moves into our LTM
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MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF LTM: there is evidence that there are different types of LTM like procedure, episodic, semantic = not a unitary store = this is limited
APPLICATION TO REAL LIFE: understanding of how to transfer info to our LTM through rehearsal can help students with revision etc.
TOO SIMPLISTIC: suggests the LTM and STM are unitary stores but evidence from brain damaged patient KF, shows how some aspects of STM can be poor but better in others; poor verbal ability but could process visual data.
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: Baddeley showed how we tend to mix up similar sounding words when using our STMs but we mix up similar meaning words when using out LTMs = showed how information is coded differently in different memory stores = supports idea that these two stores are independent
LOW EXTERNAL VALIDITY: supporting studies used artificial materials where as in real life our memory is used for meaningful things like names and faces
SIMPLIFIES REHERSAL:more than one type of rehearsal; maintenance and elaborative: elaborative occurs when you link information to your existing knowledge in you LTM, and relates to how you process it
working memory model:
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SUPPORTING EVIDENCE: case studies carried out by Shallice and Warrington, looked at patient KF who had damage to his phonological loop, but other aspects of his LTM were intact. he had difficulty with sounds, but could process visual information
DUAL TASK PERFORMANCE: Baddeley found that pp's had difficulty doing 2 visual tasks at the same time, rather than a visual and verbal task. This was due to competition for the slave systems
BRAIN SCAN EVIDENCE: brain scan studies showed greater activity in particular areas of the brain when pp's carried out particular tasks. this activity also increased when the task difficulty increased which shows the way in which the brain is active in processing information.
LACK OF CLARITY OVER THE CE: the CE is the most important component but least understood. It needs to be more clearly specified, rather than just an attentional process
APPLICATION: the findings of the dual tasks studies can make people more aware of the risks of driving and texting