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Student Guide to Critical Thinking (A Little Propositional Logic (Negation…
Student Guide to Critical Thinking
Evaluating Arguments and Truth Claims
When Is It Reasonable to Accept a Premise
Refuting Arguments
When Is an Argument a Good One?
What "Good Argument" Does Mean
What "Good Argument" Does Not Mean
Science and Pseudoscience
The Limitations of Science
How to Distinguish Science from Psedoscience
The Basic Pattern of Scientific Reasoning
A Case Study in Pseudoscientific Thinking: Astrology
Finding, Evaluating, and Using Sources
Evaluating Sources
The Author and the Publisher
The Audience
Content: Facts and Everything Else
Evaluating Internet Sources
Taking Notes
Bibliographical Information
Content Notes: Quotes, Summaries, and Paraphrases
Finding Sources
Directional Information
Informational Sources
Refining Your Search: Questions ans Keywords
Using Sources
Acknowledging Sources
Incorporating Sources
Introduction
What Is Critical Thinking
effectively identify, analyze and evaluate arguments and truth claims
discover and overcome personal preconceptions and biases
formulate and present convincing reasons in support of conclusions
make reasonable, intelligent decisions about what to believe and what to do
Critical Thinking Standards
Clarity
Precision
Accuracy
Relevance
Consistency
Logical Correctness
Completeness
Fairness
Benefits of Critical Thinking
In Classroom
In Workplace
In Life
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Egocentrism
Sociocentrism
Unwarranted Assumptions and Stereotypes
Relativistic Thinking
Wishful Thinking
Characteristics of a Critical Thinker
passionate drive for clarity, precision, accuracy, and other intellectual standards that characterize careful, disciplined thinking
sensitivity to the ways in which critical thinking can be skewed by egocentrism, wishful thinking, and other psychological obstacles to rational belief
honesty and intellectual humility
open mindedness
intellectual courage
love of truth
intellectual perseverance
Language
The Importance of Precise Definitions
Types of Definitions
Strategies for Defining
Rules for Constructing Good Lexical Definitions
Emotive Language: Slanting the Truth
The Emotive Power of Words
Finding the Right Words: The Need for Precision
Vagueness
Overgenerality
Ambiguity
Euphemisms and Political Correctness
Logical Fallacies-II
Fallacies of Insufficient Evidence
Questionable Cause
Hasty Generalization
Loaded Question
Slippery Slope
False Alternatives
Weak Analogy
Appeal to Ignorance
Inconsistency
Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
A Little Propositional Logic
Negation
Deeper Analysis of Negation and Conjunction
Conjunction and Validity
Disjunction
Conjunction
Conditional Statements
Thinking Critically about the Media
The News Media
The Importance of Context
Getting Us to Pay Attention: What Really Drives the Media
The Mass Media
Keeping Our Interest: The News as Entertainment
How the Media Entertain
Slating the News
Media Literacy
Advertising
Defenses of Advertising
Criticisms of Advertising
What Ads Do
Common Advertising Ploys
Recognizing Arguments
What Is an Argument?
Arguments are composed of one or more premises and a conclusion. Premises are statements in an argument offered as evidence or reasons why we should accept another statement, the conclusion. The conclusion is the statement in an argument that the premises are intended to prove or support. An argument is a group of statements, one or more of which (premises) are intended to prove or support another statement (conclusion)
Identifying Premises and Conclusions
What Is Not an Argument?
Reports
Unsupported Assertions
Conditional Statements
Illustrations
Explanations
Analyzing Arguments
Diagramming Short Argument
Tips on Diagramming Arguments
Summarizing Longer Arguments
Paraphrasing
Finding Missing Premises and Conclusions
Summarizing Extended Arguments
Common Mistakes to Avoid in Standardizing Arguments
A Little Categorical Logic
Translating into Standard Categorical Form
Categorical Syllogisms
Categorical Statements
Logical Fallacies-I
The Concept of Relevance
Fallacies of Relevance
Appeal to Pity
Bandwagon Argument
Scare Tactics
Straw Man
Two Wrongs Make It Right
Red Herring
Look Who's Talking
Equivocation
Attacking the Motive
Begging the Question
Personal Attack
Inductive Reasoning
A Few Words about Probability
A Closer Look at a Priori Probability
Induction and Causal Arguments
Correlation and Cause
Induction and Analogy
How Can We Argue by Analogy?
Evaluating Arguments from Analogy
Arguing by Analogy
What Is an Analogy?
Statistical Arguments
Reference Class
Inductive Generalizations
Evaluating Inductive Generalizations
Opinion Polls and Inductive Generalizations
Introduction to Induction
Writing Argumentative Essays
Before You Write
Organize by Methods of Development
Organize Your Ideas
Gather Ideas: Brainstorm and Research
Write a Sentence That Express Your Claim
Choose and Narrow Your Topic
Know Your Audience
Know Yourself
Writing the First Draft
Include a Thesis Statement
Develop Your Body Paragraphs
Provide an Interesting Opening
Provide a Satisfying Conclusion
Writing a Successful Argument
After the First Draft
Consider What You Have Not Written and Revise
Show Your Work
Read What You Have Written and Revise
Edit Your Work
Hand In It
Sample Argumentative Essay
Basic Logical Concepts
Common Patterns of Deductive Reasoning
Argument by Elimination
Argument Based on Mathermatics
Categorical Syllogism
Argument from Definition
Hypothetical Syllogism
Common Patterns of Inductive Reasoning
Predictive Argument
Argument from Authority
Inductive Generalization
Causal Argument
Statistical Argument
Argument from Analogy
Deductive Validity
Inductive Strength
How Can We Tell Whether an Argument Is Deductive or Inductive?
The Strict Necessity Test
The Common Pattern Test
The Indicator Word Test
The Principle of Charity Test
Exceptions to the Strict Necessity Test
Deduction and Induction