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CHAPTER 9 Islam (Key Terms: (Quran- The Arab founder of Islam…
CHAPTER 9 Islam
Key Terms:
Quran- The Arab founder of Islam, Muhammad is held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. Muslims believe that the Koran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God
Muhammad- The Arab founder of Islam, Muhammad is held by Muslims to be the chief prophet of God. He was born in Mecca. Muslims believe that the Koran was dictated to him by an angel sent from God
Hadith-A collection of traditions containing sayings of the prophet Muhammad that, with accounts of his daily practice (the Sunna), constitute the major source of guidance for Muslims apart from the Koran
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Mecca-The birthplace of Muhammad, and thus the holiest city for Muslims. Muslims face in the direction of Mecca when they pray, and they are expected to go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lives. Mecca is in present-day Saudi Arabia
Ka’aba-A building at the center of Islam's most sacred mosque, that is Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām, in Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. It is the most sacred site in Islam
Hajj-The Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca that takes place in the last month of the year, and that all Muslims are expected to make at least once during their lifetime
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Dar al-Islam-A term used by Muslim scholars to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion as the ruling sect
Hijra-The Prophet Muhammad's migration (622 ce) from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution. The date represents the starting point of the Muslim era
Caliph-The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk
Abu Bakr- A senior companion (Sahabi) and—through his daughter Aisha—the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Sunni-One of the two main branches of Islam, commonly described as orthodox, and differing from Shia in its understanding of the Sunna and in its acceptance of the first three caliphs
Shi’a-one of the two main branches of Islam, followed especially in Iran, that rejects the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor
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Mahdi-A spiritual and temporal leader who will rule before the end of the world and restore religion and justice
Ummayyad-A member of a Muslim dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from AD 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 756 to 1031. The dynasty claimed descent from Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad.
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Fatimids-A member of a dynasty that ruled in parts of northern Africa, Egypt, and Syria from 909 to 1171, and founded Cairo as its capital in 969
Seljuk Turks-Of or relating to any of several Turkish dynasties ruling over a great part of western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries
Ulama -A body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology
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Delhi Sultanate-The various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210–1526). It was founded after Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192
Ghana-A republic in West Africa comprising the former colonies of the Gold Coast and Ashanti, the protectorate of the Northern Territories, and the U.N. trusteeship of British Togoland: member of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1957.
Mali- A region geologically identified with the West African Craton. Mali is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of just over 1,240,000 square kilometres
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Mansa Musa- An emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1307. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East. Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who was founder of the empire
Shari’a-Islamic canonical law based on the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of the Prophet (Hadith and Sunna), prescribing both religious and secular duties and sometimes retributive penalties for lawbreaking.
Dhimmi-Specific individuals living in Muslim lands, who were granted special status and safety in Islamic law in return for paying the capital tax
Crusade-A medieval military expedition, one of a series made by Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries
Reconquista- A series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from the Muslims (Moors), who had occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century
Inquisition-an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX c. 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government
Key Topics:
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Spiritual, Religious, and Cultural Flowering
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The Origins of Islam
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Responses to Muhammad
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After deaths, new followers left to find a place more accepting of his teachings
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Sucessors to the Prophet
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The arrangement didn't go well as it led to ineffective segregation of cultures and social interactions
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Spiritual, Religious and Cultural Flowering
Timbur the Lame 's followers patronized the Turkish language and made it become the third language of Islam
When the caliphate fell, it was considered a downward turning point.
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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam: What Difference Do they Make?
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Through there was fighting, there were times of coexistence and peace