Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Everything you need to know about Chem (Unit 3 (Atom ((Electron: A…

- - - - Precision: Similar results, but not close to the correct answer Accuracy: Results really close to or exactly the correct answer.
        
        Toxicity:The action of poisons on biochemical reaction or processes in living organisms or ecological systems Flammability: Ability of a substance to burn or ignite
        
        Independent variable: Part in an experiment that scientists change on purpose (X)
        Dependent variable: What is affected by what you changed (Y)
    - - Systematic approach used in scientific study. it is an organized process and provides a method for scientists to verify the work of others,
        
        6 main steps:
        
        Hypothesis: Predict what the answer to the problem is.
        
        Experiment: Design a test to prove or disprove your hypothesis.
        
        Research: Find out about your topic as much as you can; including qualitative (color, odor, shape, other physical characteristics) and quantitive (numerical information) data.
        
        Analysis: Record what happened during the experiment
        
        Purpose: What do I want to learn?
        
        Conclusion: Verification or contradiction of the hypothesis and why
    - - A laboratory is a place where dangerous events can occur, from high voltage stations to biohazards to corrosive substances. Many people are unaware of the dangers lurking in a laboratory! To alert you of hazards such as biohazards and high voltage stations, there are hazard signs placed in laboratories.
        
        Lab Safety
        
        Symbols used to prevent ones doing in the lab getting injured by telling what protection is needed in the lab.
        
        Lab Hazardous
        
        Are used to show the risks you could be taking in the lab.
    - - Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory: The classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialty equipment such as operant conditioning chambers, spectrophotometers and calorimeters.
    - - Report all accidents, injuries, and breakage of glass or equipment to instructor immediately.
        Long hair (chin-length or longer) must be tied back to avoid catching fire.
        Wear sensible clothing including footwear. Loose clothing should be secured so they do not get caught in a flame or chemicals.
        Pay close attention to any cautions described in the laboratory exercises
        Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes when heating substances, dissecting, etc.
        Unauthorized experiments or procedures must not be attempted.
        Leave your work station clean and in good order before leaving the laboratory.
        Learn the location of the fire extinguisher, eye wash station, first aid kit and safety shower.
        Fooling around or "horse play" in the laboratory is absolutely forbidden.
        Do not lift any solutions, glassware or other types of apparatus above eye level.
        Follow all instructions given by your teacher.
        No eating or drinking in the lab at any time!
      - Important rules:
- - - - The atomic radii of atoms will decrease when moving form left to right on the Periodic Table due to the increasing number of positive protons within the nuclei pulling on the valence electrons.
        
        The atomic radii of atoms will increase moving down a Group in the Periodic Table due to additional electron shells between the nucleus and repulsion among electrons.
      - Ionic radii can be compared based in their numbers of protons and electrons.
        
        A greater number of protons will cause an ion to become smaller due to attractive forces between the nucleus and the valence electrons while a greater number of electrons will cause an ion to become larger due to electron repulsion.
        
        Moving down a Group, atoms will have an increase in ionic radius for both positive and negative ions due to the addition of an electron shell.
      - The electronegativity of an element reflects its ability to attract electrons to itself in a chemical bond.
        
        Electronegativity increases moving from left to right across a Period, and moving up a Groups, making fluorine the most electronegative element.
      - Ionization energy is the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom.
        
        Ionization energy generally increases as you move from left to right across a Period and as you move up a Group.
        
        The ionization energy elements within the same chemical family decreases with increasing atomic number.
      - An ion is an atom with an overall charge that is either negative or positive.
        
        Octet rule: All atoms are trying to get 8 electrons in their valence shell which is the last shell in the atom.
        
        The only exception for this rule is H, Li, Beryllium and Boron. These elements are stable with 2 valence electrons since the first energy level fills with 2 electrons.
        
        if atoms gain electrons it turns negatively charged
        
        An atom that is negatively charged it is called Anion
        
        If an atom loses electrons it turns positively charged.
        
        An atom that is positively charged it is called Cation
        
        Metals LOSE electrons so they turn into cations
        
        Non metals GAIN electrons so they turn into anions
  - - - Electron configuration can also be converted into an orbital diagram.
        
        Rules:
        
        In writing an orbital diagram the first step is to determine the number of electrons. Normally this is the same as the number of protons, which is known as the atomic number.
        
        Next the boxes are drawn for the orbitals. Arrows are drawn in the boxes starting form the lowest energy sublevel and working up.
        
        1 more item...
        
        Electrons are located in electron orbitals known as energy levels
        
        Principal energy levels=n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7
        
        1 more item...
  - - - The steps are:
        
        1) Write the symbol of the Periodic Table's element
        
        2) Place dots to represent electron starting at 12,3,6,9 and repeat if needed
- - - - In ionic bonds, the anions and caions are shown in brackets with their respective charges.
        
        Ionic bonds form formula units.
        
        Writing a Lewis Dot for ionic compounds:
        
        1) Write a symbol and lewis dots for metals
        
        1 more item...
      - In covalent bonds, the valence electrons of each atom are shared and are localized between two atoms.
        
        Starting with the central atom, the electron pairs are placed around each atom in order to fulfill the octet rule for each atom.
        
        Covalent bonds form molecules
        
        :
      - In metallic bonding, the electrons are delocalized in that they do not remain close to any one atom.
        
        In the solid state, the valence electrons of the metal atoms move freely among the monomatic cations within the structure, forming what is known as the "electron sea".
        
        Metallic bonding is formed due to the attraction of the electrons for the metal cations.
  - - - 1)Write down the formula of the ionic compound
        
        2)Write the name of the metal, or the cation.This is the positively charged ion in the compound, and it is always written first in ionic compound formulas.
        
        3Write the name of the nonmetal, or the anion, with the "-ide" ending.
        
        4) Combine the names.
      - Transition metals
        
        1)Write down the formula of the ionic compound.
        
        2)Write down the charge of the metal.
        
        3)Write down the name of the metal.
        
        4)Write down the name of the nonmetal.
        
        5)Put the first name and second name together.
        
        1 more item...
      - Polyatomic
        
        1Write the formula for the polyatomic ion.
        
        2)Find the charge of the metal.
        
        3)Write the name of the metal.
        
        4)Write the name of the nonmetal ions.
        
        5) Combine the name of the metal with the names of the non-metals.
- - - - Electron: A subatomic particle found in the outer shells of every atom, spinning around the nucleus with a -1 charge, not included in mass for atom responsible in Rx's
  - - - (Models of the atom timeline) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSAgLvKOPLQ
        
        Plum pudding model: J.J. Thompson/ 194 - Discovery of electrons. Atoms are composed of electrons scattered throughout a spherical cloud of positive charge,
        
        Nuclear model: Ernest Rutherford/ 1911 - Gold foil. Realised positive charge was localised in the nucleus of the atom.
        
        Planetary model: Niels Bohr/ 1913 - Proposed stable electron orbits. Explained the emission spectra of some elements
        
        Solid sphere model: John Dalton/ 1803 - Atoms are indivisible. Those of a given element are identical. Compounds are combinations of different types of atoms.
- - - - physical property: Pure substances can be observed or measured without changing the substance chemical identity
        
        A physical change to matter will not alter the composition or identity of a substance
        
        The physical properties of matter include properties that describe the substance such as color, smell, among others
    - - Chemical property: Characteristic of a pure substance that describes how it interacts with other substances
        
        A chemical change to matter always result in the formation of a new substance.
      - The chemical properties of matter occur when matter goes through a specific chemical change
    - - Liquid: A type of matter with a constant volume
        
        Will take shape of the container. Particles are free to move past each other.
      - Solid: Matter with defined form and volume
        
        Fixed arranged particles. Definite volume and shape
      - Gas: Matter hat flows to adjust and fulfill a shape.
        
        No definite shape nor volume. High degree of particle freedom
  - - - Homogeneous: Uniform appearance and composition mixture
      - A mixture that consists of visibly different substances
  - - - Volume
      - Lenght
      - Mass