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UNIT 2:APES (Chapter 4 (Biomes ((Subtropical Desert), (Tropical Seasonal…

- - - - Subtropical Desert
    - - Tropical Seasonal Forest/Savanna
    - - Tropical Rainforest
    - - Temperate Grassland/Cold Desert
    - - Woodland/Shrubland
    - - Temperate Seasonal Forest
    - - Temperate Rainforest
    - - Boreal Forest
    - - Tundra
- - - - Ecosystem diversity- the variety of ecosystems within a given region.
      - Species diversity- the variety of species in a given ecosystem.
      - Genetic diversity- the variety of genes within a given species.
    - - A group that is distinct from other groups in terms of size, behavior, or biochemical properties
      - Species richness- the number of species in a given area.
      - Species evenness- the measure of whether an ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals.
    - - A change in the genetic composition of a population over time.
      - Microevolution- evolution below the species level.
      - Macroevolution- Evolution which gives rise to new species or new genera, family, class or phyla.
      - artificial selection- when humans determine which individuals breed.
      - natural selection- the environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce.
      - Darwin
        
        Fitness: Ability to survive and reproduce.
        
        Adaptation: Traits that improve an individual’s fitness.
      - Evolution by Random Processes
        
        Bottleneck effect- a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size.
        
        Genetic drift- change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.
        
        Founder effect- a change in a population descended from a small number of colonizing individuals.
        
        Mutation- occur randomly and can add to the genetic variation of a population.
    - - Genes- physical locations on chromosomes within each cell of an organism
      - Genotype- the complete set of genes in an individual.
      - Mutation- a random change in the genetic code.
      - Phenotype- the actual set of traits expressed in an individual.
      - Recombination-occurs as chromosomes are duplicated during meiosis and mitosis.
- - - - Boundaries:most ecosystems it is difficult to determine where one ecosystems stops and the next begins.
        
        Help know abiotic and biotic components, and trace matter and energy through system
      - Def: A particular location on Earth distinguished by its particular mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components
      - Processes: interact with other ecosystems through the exchange of matter and energy.
    - - when one organism consumes another, not all of the energy is transferred to the consumer.
    - - PHOTO:Able to use the suns energy to produce usable energy through the process called photosynthesis
      - RES:Process by which other organisms gain energy from eating the tissues of producers.
    - - Consumers (heterotrophs)- obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
      - Secondary Consumers (carnivores)- obtain their energy by eating primary consumers.
      - Primary Consumers (herbivores)- consume producers.
      - Tertiary Consumers (carnivores)- eat secondary consumers.
      - Tertiary Consumers (carnivores)- eat secondary consumers.