Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

IBEC REVISION (THEMES (THEME B (The Environment and Stewardship (Religious…

- - - - Scientific arguments:
        
        Cosmological - How the Universe Began
        
        Mainly the Big Bang theory. It says that the Universe began in an explosion of matter and energy, matter from this explosion eventually formed stars, planets and everything else. Red mist supports this theory by suggesting the universe is still expanding.
        
        Evolutionary Theories - How Living Things Changed
        
        Charles Darwin argued that life on Earth originated from simple cells. Life evolved over millions of years into a huge variety of forms, and only those best adapted to their environment survived; survival of the fittest.
      - Christian Ideas:
        
        Genesis 1 says God created the world over 6 days, and on day 7 he rested. Chapters 1 and 2 describe how God created people in his image and made woman from man.
        
        Some Christians think the Bible is a literal account of what happened and disagree with evolution, claiming there is a lack of proof for the theory.
        
        Lots of Christians believe the creation story is symbolic and also believe in scientific theories. A Roman priest was even the first to put forward the Big Bang theory.
        
        Both the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church have recognized the benefits of science and religion existing in harmony
      - Islamic Ideas:
        
        The Muslim creation story is similar to Genisis, It is Allah who created the heavens and earth and whatever is between them in six days (Qur'an 32:4)
        
        The Qur'an also says "began the creation of man from clay" (Qur'an 32:7)
        
        Some Muslims see the descriptions of the creation in the Qur'an as an agreement with science.
    - - Religious believers think people should look after the environment because it was created by God
      - They also believe they should appreciate the world and what's in it because it is God's creation.
      - Global warming, using raw materials/natural resources and irresponsible farming as well as pollution is what religious believers think to be not as God intended.
      - Many people, religious and non-religious work to reduce and repair harm caused to the environment. They do this because it is important for future generations.
      - Stewardship is an idea believed by many religious people, they think that its their duty to look after the environment. Due to the fact that God gave people the earth, he expects them to take care of it.
      - Muslims believe they have been appointed Khalifah of the Earth, meaning they should take responsibility for the world while they are on it.
    - - Animals are sometimes used to test products or for medical experiments. Some people see this as cruel, others look at the issue in a utilitarian way; it's the idea that animal testing is acceptable if it could be used to help many humans, making it a lesser of 2 evils.
      - Animals are also used for food, some say that humans are designed to consume meat. Others argue that hurting animals are wrong, so you should become vegetarian or vegan.
  - - - Peace - the absence of conflict. Organisations like the UN work to find peaceful solutions to end wars and disputes all over the world.
      - Pacifist - someone who believes that all war and physical violence is wrong. Pacifists also believe that all disputes should be settled peacefully. During the world wars those who refused to fight were known as conscientious objectors and were imprisoned and ridiculed for their beliefs.
    - - Violence
        
        Crime eg. assault or murder
        
        Violence during protests
        
        Terrorism - causing fear and inflicting violence on other people sometimes for political reasons
        
        War - two or more groups or countries fight for (religion, self-defense, tribalism, honour, greed/economics, retaliation) reasons
      - Protests - A protest is when a group of people join together to campaign for a cause they support. Many protesters do this peacefully how ever protests can turn violent if they feel like their voices aren't being heard.
      - Just Wars
        
        While most people think peace is ideal, many people realise that sometimes a war will have to be fought. The Just War theory is a philosophical theory that explains the conditions that must be met for a war to be considered necessary.
        
        Conditions:
        
        Must be fought with a legal authority, eg. a government.
        
        The cause of the war must be just
        
        The war must be fought with the intention to correct/overthrow evil
        
        There must be a reasonable chance of success.
        
        The war must be a last resort, after all peaceful attempts of resolution have been exhausted.
        
        Appropriate force must be used.
        
        Civilians must not be involved.
        
        First introduced by Christians but now widely used by everyone.
      - Holy Wars
        
        A holy war is one where people believe that God is 'on their side'. Wars are mention in both the Old Testament and the Qur'an
        
        In the past holy wars were over territory or to convert people but now they are fought for various reasons, such as to protect a religion.
        
        Religion is often a factor in modern wars too, but often not the only factor. For example the civil war in Syria didn't start over religion but Sunni and Shi'a Muslims have fought on opposite sides.
  - - - Christianity
        
        In Christianity the sheep and goats parable teaches Christians that everyone will be judged and separated into the good (sheep) and bad (goats)
        
        Many Christians believe evil is created by humans misusing their free will. They believe that the original sin everyone is born with makes them capable of sin. Also some say Satan tempts people to sin.
      - Muslim
        
        Islam teaches Muslims that Allah is merciful and those who do good deeds will be rewarded, and those who do bad will be punished.
        
        People who intent to do good will be rewarded on the day of judgement. But intending bad won't count against them.
- - - - Omnipotent - God is all powerful but still allows everyone free will.
      - Benevolent - all loving and caring////// TEACHING - "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son" - John 3:16 NIV
      - Just - God judges peoples actions fairly. Those who live sinful lives will be punished such as in the story of the sheep and goats in Matthew 25:31-46
      - Omniscient - All knowing - past present and future
      - Transcendent - God is beyond this world, he can exist without it
      - Immanent - God is present in the human world.
      - Christians believe there is only one God
    - - The Trinity - The idea that God exists as "3 persons" - The Father, the Son (Jesus) and the Holy Spirit All of which are shown as important in the bible - in Philippians 2:6 St Paul described Jesus as having equality with God" (NIV)
        Nicene Creed -A statement of beliefs formed in 325 AD by church leaders around the world. This was further developed in 381 AD and is known as the Nicene Creed
      - The Father - God of the old testament,created Heaven and Earth and sustains them. He is normally described as the transcendent part of God. TEACHING - "Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly father is perfect." (Matthew 5:48 NIV)
      - The Son - Jesus is the incarnation of God in human form. He is the immanent and personal part of God. Christians believe he is a model for Christian behaviour. The Gospels contain a record of his life and teachings and are an important source of guidance Christians on how they should live their lives.
      - The Holy Spirit - Christians believe it is the presence of God in the world. Before Jesus died he promised his disciples: "I will ask the Father, and he will give you another advocate to help you and be with you for ever - the Spirit of truth" (John 14:16-17 NIV) The Holy Spirit is seen as the immanent yet impersonal part of God, it continues to guide the Church. Some Christians say it guides them personally.
    - - Genesis 1 says that God created everything. This took six days and on the seventh day God rested
      - Genesis 1 also says "So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them" (Genesis 1:27 NIV) This is important to Christians because they believe that makes humans special and should try to behave like God
      - 3 different interpretations of the Creation Story
        
        Some Christians take the story literally, they are known as creationists and they believe the process took 6 days and humans are descendants from Adam and Eve
        
        Other Christians are more liberal in their understanding of the Bible's events. They view Genesis as more of a symbolic description than a recitation of literal events. They acknowledge God as the creator, but are open to other theories like the Big Bang Theory and evolution. The Roman Catholic Church has accepted both theories as they can offer more information to Christians about how God made the universe
        
        The creation story can help Christians further understand the nature of God. God is eternal as he made time and existed before it. He is omnipotent as he created the universe through words. God's benevolence can be seen through creation too as he gave humans life and gave them the world.
    - - Many Christians believe that the soul lives on after death, the soul is immortal. The body will be resurrected for Judgement Day, like how Jesus was resurrected after his crucifixion on Easter Sunday
      - They believe God will judge you and you'll either go to heaven or hell.
      - Heaven - Portrayed as a place of great beauty and serenity, a paradise where you spend an eternity with God; as long as you believe in Jesus and have followed his teachings you can be saved by God's grace. TEACHING - "The one who believes in me will live, even though they die" (John 11:25 NIV)
      - Hell - Portrayed as a place of suffering and torment - the final destination for nonbelievers and to those who have led bad lives
      - Different Beliefs about the Afterlife:
      - Heaven is a physical paradise where your body and soul goes after death if you believe in Jesus and have a good life and you are with God for an eternity. Whereas Hell is a place of great suffering.
      - Instead of your body, your soul lives on and Heaven and Hell are both states of being instead of physical places. Heaven being a state of being united with God for an eternity and Hell being a spiritual state of being separated from God forever.
      - Roman Catholics believe in Purgatory, a limbo state of waiting in between the afterlife and earth, where the majority of people waiting for Heaven, have a time of cleansing from sin and preparing for Heaven.
    - - Jesus
        
        Son of God
        
        An angel told Mary in Nazareth that she would have a son and
        "the holy one to be born will be called the Son of God" (Luke 1:35)
        
        Part of the Holy Trinity
        
        Christians believe he is God in human form. God was incarnated as human as Jesus Christ
        
        Sent to atone for humanity's sins so we could once again be one with God. Christians believe sin separates God from man.
        
        Jesus performed miracles, such as curing the blind, healing the sick, bringing dead back to life, demonstrating he was the Son of God and God's love
        
        The Last Supper - Shortly before his death, Jesus and his disciples ate their Passover meal in Jerusalem. It was their final meal together so it is known as The Last Supper. At the meal Jesus gave his disciples bread saying "this is my body" and wine saying "this is my blood" (Mark 14:22-24) . Luke's Gospel tells us he said "do this in remembrance of me" (Luke 22:19)
      - Crucifixion
        
        Jesus was betrayed by one of his disciples; Judas. Matthew specifically says that he did this for "30 pieces of silver"
        
        He was arrested before being tried and sentenced to crucifixion by Pilate. Jesus was then flogged before being forced to wear a crown of thorns and made to carry his cross to where he would be crucified. On that "Good Friday" Jesus died.
      - Death & Resurrection/Ascension
        
        After Jesus died his body was placed in a tomb, with a heavy boulder covering the entrance. Three days later on Easter Sunday his body was gone and he was resurrected before ascending into Heaven.
      - "My god why have you forsaken me" - Matthew 15:34
      - "Father forgive them for they know not what they are doing" - Luke 23:34
    - - Christians believe sin is when someone goes against divine law, made by God. Sinning also can make someone go to hell. However according to Romans 3:23 "All have sinned and fall short of the glory of God"
      - Christians believe original sin comes from Adam and Eve. They were the first humans and it is believed we all are descendants of them. In Genesis 3 it says that a man's body is created from the dust of the earth, from that body a rib is taken and God makes that into a woman. These two are called Adam and Eve.
      - Christians believe sin separates us from God. This is why Jesus died on the cross to atone for our sins so we could be one with God again.
      - In the Garden of Eden, there was a tree of knowledge which God told Adam and Even not to eat from. However Adam did so which released sin into the world. This is known as original sin
    - - Salvation is something Christians want to achieve; they want to go to heaven and be in paradise with God for all eternity. However since sin separates humans from God, and all commit sin, we must ask for salvation.
      - As Ephesians 2:8–9 says, “For it is by grace you have been saved through faith. It is not from yourself or anything you’ve done, but the gift of God.”
      - This means that salvation is a gift from God by grace. However it is often debated how one accepts the gift of salvation.
        
        Catholics believe you are saved through faith and taking part in sacraments such as being baptized, holy communion and confessing sins to a priest.
        
        Protestants believe it is through sola fide (faith alone) you will be saved
        
        “Believe in the Lord Jesus Christ, and you will be saved.” (Acts 16:31)
  - - - Liturgical worship
        
        Services follow a set pattern written by the Church
        
        Usually includes the Eucharist (Mass)
        
        There are readings including a gospel reading and a sermon.
      - Non liturgical worship
        
        Doesn't have to follow a strict structure
        
        Hymns, readings, prayers and the Eucharist take place, but the Eucharist not every week
      - Private worship
        
        Many Christians worship informally at home (not just on Sundays). This can range from saying grace before a meal to reading the bible and praying
        
        Some Christians worship both publicly and privately, they feel private worship keeps God in their mind throughout their life and they feel a greater connection with God
    - - a ceremony where Christians believe they receive God's grace. A sign of God's grace working within them
      - Baptism
        
        Seen as a sacrament because Jesus was baptized. After his resurrection he told his disciples to go out and baptize people
        
        "go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:19)
        
        Makes someone a member of God's family and welcomes them to the Church. Some believe it cleanses someone from the original sin everyone is born with.
        
        2 types of baptism - Adult and Infant
      - The Eucharist
        
        The remembrance of the Last Supper with Bread and wine.
        
        Different beliefs
        
        Roman Catholics - Transubstantiation. They believe the bread and wine used at Mass actually become the flesh and blood of Christ. They also believe every Mass is a re-enactment of Christ's sacrifice.
        
        Methodists/Anglicans - They do not believe in transubstantiation but they believe there is a real presence of Christ in the bread and wine. They also believe it's a commemoration of the Last Supper and a re-enactment
    - - Both ways in which Christians strengthen their relationship with God.
        
        Prayer
        
        Prayer is when believers mentally or vocally communicate with God, for comfort, advice.
        
        Most denominations have formal, set prayers. Such as the Lord's Prayer which is very important. It's based on the words Jesus used to tell his disciples how to pray.
        
        "Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, your kingdom come, you will be done"
- - - - Allah creates 1st prophet - Adam
        
        Ibrahim
        
        Sayings wrongly repeated again, said there was only one god (monotheist)
        
        Muhammad
        
        Last Prophet, first Imam
        
        Qur'an
        
        Muhammad dies
        
        Sunni
        
        Wanted Abu Bakr
        
        Caliph
        
        Voted in
        
        6 Articles of Faith
        
        6 more items...
        
        Believe in Hadith and Sunnah books as authority
        
        Shi'a
        
        Ali
        
        2 more items...
        
        5 Roots Usul ad-Din
        
        5 more items...
        
        Sayings became distorted over time - Allah needed another prophet
    - - "Say 'He is Allah, [who is] One'" - Qur'an 112:1
      - The belief that there is only one God which is Allah
      - Saying Allah is the only god is part of Shahadah, the Muslim declaration of faith
    - - Merciful - Muslims they believe Allah shows mercy and compassion. Every chapter but one in the Qur'an begin by saying this. They also believe Allah is kind and forgives people's sins
      - Omnipotent - Allah is all powerful. He controls everything and has predetermined peoples lives although they also have free will
      - Benevolent - All good, all loving
      - Transcendent - Above everything
    - - The idea that Allah has decided everything that will happen. Humans can't choose to do something Allah hasn't chosen for them
      - Sunnis believe that Allah knows everything that's going to happen, they believe humans choose their actions but Allah made it impossible to choose anything other than what he's decided.
      - Shi'as focus more on free will. They believe Allah has ultimate control and has the power to change things if he wants, but peoples lives are usually determined by their choices.
    - - On this day Allah will decide how people will spend the afterlife, based on their behavior during their lives. At this point its too late to beg for forgiveness wrongdoing
      - Allah will judge everyone. The dead will be resurrected to join those still living. Everyone will receive a record on their good and bad deeds, then be judged
      - Good intentions are also counted.
    - - Day of Judgement - "We will call forth every people with their record [of deeds]"
  - - - Sahahadah - Declaration of faith.
        
        "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger"
        
        Muslims must say this several times a day. People can convert to Islam by saying it
      - Salah - Prayer five times a day.
        
        Second most important duty in Islam. Keeps Muslims close to Allah
      - Zakah - Charitable giving
      - Sawm - olbigation to fast during Ramadan
      - Hajj - pilgrimage to Makkah
        
        Must make at least once as long as they can afford it and are healthy enough.
        
        Ka'aba - Holy black building said to be built by a prophet. Muslims must circle it 7 times
    - - Every 5 pillar except Shahadah
      - Khums - 20% tax
      - Jihad -Struggle. Greater jihad (personal) lesser (defend Islam against critics)
      - Amr-bil-Maroof and Nahi Anil Munkar - Encourage good deeds and avoid bad ones
      - Tawalla and Tabarra - Love those who follow Allah and disassociate themselves with those who are an enemy of Allah or Muhammad.