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Depression (Emotional (Lowered mood (Often describe themselves as '…
Depression
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The Cognitive approach
Beck (1967)
Negative self-schemas
A schema is a package of ideas and information developed through experience. Ideas and information about them-selves is negative.
The negative triad
A negative view of the world, their future, and themselves
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Ellis (1962)
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Evaluation
some depression does occur as a result of an activating event however not all depression has an obvious cause
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The Cognitive approach
Treating depression
The therapist aims to make the client aware of the relationship between thought, emotion and actions
CBT can help people to change how they think (‘cognitive') and what they do (‘behavior').
It focuses on the 'here and now' problems and difficulties. Instead of focusing on the causes of distress or symptoms in the past, it looks for ways to improve the state of mind now.
The client is asked to provide information about how they perceive themselves, the future and the world.
Clients are made aware of their negative views.
In this way, irrational ideas can be replaced with more optimistic and rational beliefs.
Through this process, irrational ideas can be replaced with more optimistic and balanced beliefs.
Newark et al (1973)
AIM: They wanted to discover if people with psychological problems had irrational attitudes
METHOD: Two groups of participants were asked if they agreed with the following statements identified by Ellis as irrational:
It is essential that one be loved or approved of by virtually everyone in the community
One must be perfectly competent, adequate and achieving in order to consider oneself worthwhile
One group consisted of people who had been diagnosed with anxiety. The other group had no psychological problems. They were defined as ‘normal’.
RESULT: A total of 65% of the anxious participants agreed with statement a) compared to 2% of non-anxious participants. For statement b) 80% of anxious participants agreed, compared to 25% of non-anxious participants
CONCLUSION: People with emotional problems think in irrational ways
Evaluation
CBT focuses on the ‘here and now’ however there may be links to childhood experiences and current depression and patients might want to talk about these experiences
They can find this ‘present-focus’ very frustrating
There is a risk that in focusing on what is happening in the mind of the individual may end up minimising the importance of the circumstances the individual is living in
There is thus an ethical issue for cognitive behavioural therapists here, and it is important for therapists to keep in mind that not all problems are in the mind.