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How can we manage the current and future spread of infectious disease KQ3

- - - - • For centuries, epidemics of
        smallpox affected people all
        over the globe.
        • But in 1796, an English
        doctor named Edward
        Jenner discovered the
        smallpox vaccine to protect
        people from getting
        smallpox.
        • The vaccine worked because there had not been a case of smallpox
        in the US since 1949. The US stopped vaccinating the people
        against smallpox as it was no longer a threat.
        • The last known case of smallpox was reported in Africa in 1977.
        • In 1980, WHO announced that smallpox was wiped out – THE FIRST
        AND ONLY TIME IN HISTORY that an infectious disease was declared
        ELIMINATED FROM THE PLANET!
- - - - • Health care
        
        • Malaria parasites are able to
        develop resistance to anti-
        malaria drugs.
        • The resistance to drugs is caused
        by incompletely treating an
        infected person.
        • This causes some of the
        surviving parasites to develop
        resistance to drugs.
        • In 2009, resistance to anti-
        malarial drugs was observed
        along the Thai-Cambodian
        border.
      - • Human activities
        
        Population Movement:
        • When people move across borders, they spread and transmit
        diseases to new locations.
        • Malaria control programmes become ineffective because it is
        difficult to monitor the fast movement of people at a larger
        scale than before. This is due to the ease of travelling with
        better transport links between countries and the efficiency of
        modern transportation.
        • Border controls (controlling flow of people, animals and goods
        across borders) are essential where large-scale population
        movement occurs. In the Greater Mekong subregion in SE
        Asia, border control is necessary to control the spread of drug-
        resistant malaria across borders.
      -  Population movement
        
        This is because malaria spreads through uncontrolled
        migration and lack of coordination between countries along
        the border districts. Therefore, malaria flourishes along
        international borders and is often transported to relatively
        low transmission areas.
        • Travel advisories are official notes that inform travellers about
        the specific risks of travelling to a particular destination.
        • They are issued by government agencies.
        • Travel advisories have proved useful in reducing travel to
        places where the risk of infection is very high.
        • However, travel advisories may not be able to reach everyone;
        it cannot reach those without access to news or those who are
        illiterate.
      -  Forest clearance
        
        • Forests are often cleared for farming activities.
        • The cleared land provides suitable habitats for mosquitoes to
        breed. This is because water is less able to seep into bare
        ground with the removal of vegetation due to forest clearance.
        This causes water to accumulate on the surface of the ground
        to form pools of stagnant water, allowing mosquitoes to
        breed.
        • The destruction of naturally
        vegetated areas causes biodiversity
        loss. This includes predators of
        mosquitoes, such as fish, birds,
        dragonflies and bats. The loss of
        these predators allows mosquito
        populations to increase.
        • Agriculture has also contributed to
        the rise in mosquito populations.
        Mosquitoes have more places to
        breed due to the increase in
        irrigation-based intensive agriculture
        such as wet rice farming. The flooded
        rice fields provide a conducive
        environment for mosquitoes to breed.
        • The water in deforested areas also tends to be more pH
        neutral, unlike water found on the forest floor. Water with
        neutral pH is suitable for mosquito larvae to survive. In Africa,
        Asia and Latin America, forest clearance has increased the
        incidence of malaria.