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INTRO TO PHARMACOLOGY (IMPORTANT TERMS (PHARMACOGENETICS (study of genetic…
INTRO TO PHARMACOLOGY
IMPORTANT TERMS
PHARMACODYNAMIC- what drugs do to body
-drugs bind to receptors and produce changes in the system -agonist -antagonist concept (activate/inhibit)
-RESPONSE CURVE -graded,quantal (efficacy /potency)
-EFFICACY- the effect agonist could produce to if high dose is taken
POTENCY - amount of drug needed to produce effects
PHARMACOKINETIC -what body do to drugs
CLEARANCE -efficiency of the organ in extracting drug from bloodstream
VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION -amount of drug in body to the serum concentration
HALF LIFE -time required for conc of drug in serum to decrease by HALF after absorption and distribution are complete /how quickly the drug is eliminated from the plasma/
how quickly the drug is eliminated from the plasma
.
BIOAVAILABILITY -fraction of drug absorbed into systemic circulation after extravascular administration ex: IV :100%
PHARMACOECONOMICS
discipline of placing a value on drug theraphy
PHARMACOGENETICS
study of genetic variation factors that contribute to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodinamic properties of drug ex:SNP -single nucleotide polymorphism
to optimize drug efficacy and limit drug toxicity based on indivual's genetic
PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY
Study of adverse effects of drug -can only be identified after drug is widely used by general population
if the AE causing injury or death it will not be approved by FDA
ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
ENTERAL -oral, sublingual(buccal) ,rectal
PARENTERAL -IV,IM,SC,IT
SKIN -patches
LUNGS -inhaler
VAGINAL
EYE
FACTORS INFLUENCING
-physical&chemical properties
-Site of desired action
-Rate of absorption
-Effect of digestive juice and first pass metabolism on drug
-Routine or emergency purposes
-accuracy of dosage
-pt condition (unconscious, vomiting)
PHARMACOKINETIC PROCESS (ADME)
ADMINISTRATION -ABSORPTION
way of administration- oral, paranteral
cross barriers to enter skin, gut wall, alveolar membrane
DISTRIBUTION -
by blood to site of action (intra or extracellular) must cross barrier of capillaries ,cell wall
affects concentration at site of action and sites of excretion and biotransformation
METABOLISM -biotransformed to different compounds by normal enzymes that may decrease, increase or change the drug action PHASE1 - oxidation,reduction and hydrolytic PHASE 2 - CONJUGATION (cytochrome p450)
EXCRETION -via urine, bile, lung, saliva, milk,sweat,intestine
LOCAL ROUTES-localised lesions
TOPICAL
lotion, ointment, cream, powder,rinse,paint,drops,spray,lozengens,suppositories or pesseries
to localised lesion on external surface
DEEPER TISSUE
must allow slow systemic absorption
intra-articular injection(JOINT), intrathecal injection(SC), retrobulbar injection(BEHIND EYEBALL)
ARTERIAL SUPPLY
Intra-arterial injection (CONTRAST MEDIA), anticancer drugs infused in femoral/brachial a
NON-ABSORBABLE DRUGS (given orally)
GI mucosa: sucralfate, vancomycin
Lung: salbutamol, cromolyn sodium (inhaler)
irrigating solutions/jelly : lidocaine (local anesthetic)
DRUG NAMES
CHEMICAL NAME -used by organic chemist to indicate the chemical structure of the drug
NON-PROPRIETARY NAME - when drug appears promising and manufacturer wishes to sell it in the market
ex: by INN, BAN, USAN, ,FDA, USP
difference btw BAN and USAN
salbutamol vs albuterol
adrenaline vs epinephrine
paracetamol vs acetaminophen
PROPRIETARY NAME/TRADE NAME - shorter,simpler, easier to remember and most frequently used
-a drug can have several trade names
-frequently appear with sign :(R)
ex: acetaminophen : panadol, calpol, actamin, acetagesic
SYSTEMIC ROUTES
Drugs is absorbed into blood stream and distributed all over, including site of action .