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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION (TOPICAL (FORMS (SKIN : creams, ointments, lotions…
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
ORAL (po)
METHOD
Swallow
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DOSE FORM: TABLETS ,CAPSULES, LIQUIDS,SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS,SYRUPS, ELIXIRS
PRECAUTION :
1.capsules over tablet for pt with difficulty of swallowing
2.water to aid swallowing
3.some are to besprinkled on food when swallowing is difficult
4.Give liquid form for children and swallowing diff. pt
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DISADVANTAGE
Slower action , not suitable for emergencies
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cannot be used on uncooperative, unconscious, vomiting pt
absorption of drugs may be variable and erratic(irregular), some are not absorbed (streptomycin)
some are destroyed by digestive juice (penicillinG, insulin) or in liver (GTN, testosterone)
Topical
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DOSE FORM: TABLETS, LOZENGES, GUM
A:/ has rapid onset (<5 mins)
bypass liver metabolism
drugs with high first pass metabolism can be absorbed directly into systemic circulation
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TOPICAL
FORMS
SKIN : creams, ointments, lotions, gels, transdermal patches,disks
EYE OR EAR : solutions, suspensions, ointments
NOSE,LUNGS : sprays, powders, nebulizers
VAGINA : tablets, creams, ointments
URETHRA : inserts, suppositories
RECTUM: creams, ointments, solutions, foam,enema (injection)
PATCHES:
deliver drugs to bloodstream via absorption through skin - skin become barriers (slow absorption)
-therapeutic effects last for 24 hrs to 1 week
CUTANEOUS
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constant plasma conc w/o fluctuation
minimum interindividual variation - no first pass metabolism
more convenient
LIMITATION : more expensive , cause local irritation and erythema
RECTAL
A;/ For irritant and unpleasant drugs
when pt have recurrent vomiting or are unconscious
50% bypass liver thru external haemorrhoidal vein
D:/ Inconvenient and embarassing
slower absorption, irregular and unpredictable
causing rectal inflammation if irritant drug is use
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NASAL
absorption by mucus membrane allowing bypass of liver and digestive juices
ex: GnRH agonist and desmopressin
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INHALATIONAL DRUGS
volatile liquid and gases
-absorption thru vast surface of alveoli provide rapid action -irritant vapours (ether) can cause inflammation of Resp tract
MDI provide specific measured dose with each activation
- if MDI contain steroid, pt should rinse the mouth thoroughly after dose to prevent oral fungal infection
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PARENTERAL
A:/ faster drug action
do not provoked gastric irritation or vomiting
can be employed even pt is unconscious, uncooperative or vomiting
no interference by food or digestive juice
bypass liver
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administration by injection which take the drug directly into the tissue fluid or blood wo having to cross enteral mucosa to circumvent the limitation in oral administration
D:/ Drug preparation must be sterilised
More expensive
invasive technique and painful
may need assistant
chances of local tissue injuries
SC INJECTION
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various form - dermojet, pellet(hormone) implantation, sialistic and biodegradable implants
INSULIN, HEPARIN, EPINEPHRINE, VACCINES
IM
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as muscle is more vascular, absorption is faster than SC
care must be taken to avoid hitting vein, artery or nerve
IV
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A:/ Drugs get into blood stream immediately (emergency) highly irritant drugs can be injected
require smaller dose with bioavailability of 100%
large volume can be infused
drug titration is doable, can be adjusted
can provide fluids, electrolytes and nutrition
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INTRADERMAL
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local anesthasia, diagnostic test(TB) and immunization(BCG)