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Ch. 51-53 (Terrestrial Biomes (Chaparral (rainy winters
and dry summers.…
Ch. 51-53
Terrestrial Biomes
Chaparral
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deer, goats, small mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles and insects
Temperate Grassland
located in veldts of South Africa, the puszta of Hungary, the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, the steppes of Russia, and the plains and prairies of central North America
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large grazers such as bison and
wild horses. burrowing mammals, such as prairie dogs
Savanna
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warm
year-round, averaging 24–29°C
Large plant-eating mammals, such as wildebeests
and zebras, and predators, including lions and hyenas, dominant
herbivores are actually insects, especially termites.
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Desert
Precipitation is low and highly variable, less than 30 cm per year
snakes and lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, migratory and resident birds, and seed-eating rodents
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Tropical Forest
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precipitation
In tropical
dry forests, precipitation is highly seasonal,
about 150–200 cm annually, with a 6-7 month dry season
In tropical
rain forests, rainfall is
relatively constant, about
200–400 cm annually
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amphibians, birds and other reptiles, mammals,
and arthropods
Tundra
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covers expansive areas of the Arctic,
amounting to 20% of Earth’s land surface.
Large grazing musk oxen, bears, wolves, and foxes.
migratory birds, caribou and reindeer.
Aquatic Biomes
lakes
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salinity, oxygen concentration, and nutrient content differ greatly among lakes and can vary with season
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eutrophic lakes
nutrient-rich and often
depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in
summer and if covered with ice in winter
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wetlands
habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
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streams/rivers
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Downstream water may also contain substantial oxygen, except where there has been organic enrichment
estuaries
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Salinity varies spatially within estuaries, from nearly that of fresh water to that of seawater. also varies with the rise and fall of the tides
intertidal zones
periodically submerged and exposed by the tides, twice daily on most marine shores
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Oceanic Pelagic Zone
a vast realm of open blue water, constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
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Oxygen levels are generally high. Nutrient concentrations are generally lower than in coastal waters
Coral Reefs
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live in the photic zone of relatively stable tropical marine environments with high water clarity, primarily near islands and along the edge of some continents
Marine Benthic Zone
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very deep benthic, or abyssal, zone are about 3°C with very high water pressure.
Water temperature declines with depth, while pressure increases
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Animal Behavior
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innate
born with, under strong genetic control
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trial & error
aka operant conditioning
Skinner box
green light comes on, rat pulls lever, food comes out
habituation
after a period of exposure to a stimulus, animal stops responding
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Population Factors
population growth
models of pop growth
exponential
a population that experiences
ideal conditions increases in size by a constant
proportion at each instant in time
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logistic
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per capita
rate of population growth approaches zero as the population
size nears the carrying capacity (K)
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human population growth
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ecological footprint
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avg in south america, africa and south asia is 0-3 hectares
density/dispersion
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dispersal is the movement of individuals or
gametes away from their area of origin or from centers of high
population density
can be limited by predation, reproductive ability, food resources, temperature, light, water, oxygen, pH
carrying capacity
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Energy,
shelter, refuge from predators, nutrient availability, water, and suitable nesting sites can all be limiting factors
Environmental Factors
Coriolis effect
The rotation of the Earth causes objects in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right, while objects in the Southern Hemisphere are deflected to the left.
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rainshadow effect
When warm, moist air approaches a mountain, the
air rises and cools, releasing moisture on the windward side
of the peak
On the leeward side, cooler,
dry air descends, absorbing moisture and producing a “rain
shadow.”
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