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Ancient Greek Philosophy (First Philosophers (Introduction (3) adherence…
Ancient Greek Philosophy
Memphite Thought and the Birth of Greek Philsophy
Aryan model - Greeks knew everything with no influence Afrocentric model - Greeks stole everything from Egypt.
Nothing comes from nothing.
All things can be understood as a totality of things.
Greeks picked up many things from the Egyptians including the words of God, the love of writing, the importance of the heart, tongue, hearing, listening, truth, and the plummet of the balance weighing your soul against the feather of truth.
The logic is developed by these four rules: 1. inversion - a concept and its opposite are introduced. 2. asymmetry - the feather-scale balance. 3. reciprocity - everything interacts and each side is independent. 4. multiplicity-in-oneness - everything is measured by one scale.
Hesiods Theogony
Presents three supreme deities who are vulnerable to one another, and the supreme position is up for grabs essentially.
The muses are inspiration for creativity and must be called upon, thanked in the beginning, and given honor in the end.
Chaos, or abyss of empty space, is needed first in a creation story so that there is something to impose on.
There is a roughly circular boundary to the kosmos, or heaven, including the underspace, earth, air, and aither.
Celebration of wonderfulness and amazement because it is an origin of the deities and the gods.
Sappho
Wealthy woman poet from the island of Lesbos.
Opened THE school for woman from adolescence to marriage with the help of the isolation of the island.
Interest in romantic passion and yearning for women through lyric and love poetry as well as playing a lyre.
First Philosophers
The Milesians
Anaximander introduces apeiron, or the boundless, as the origin and chose not to make any elements the underlying thing.
Anaximenes presents the apeiron as the origin and specifies air, or wind, as the transformative via rarefaction and condensation.
Thales presents water as the origin and transformation because water is flexible, transformable, and in almost everything.
Heraclitus of Ephesus
Introduces the logos, or principle spoken by the universe to men, subtly, who have ears to hear.
Heraclitus was clearly interested in fire as a paradox serving as both symbol and major constituent, but his unifying element is the flux of stability in change.
"Mr. Obscure", known to be a misanthropist, saw himself as better than mast in his time of aristocratic social hierarchy.
Pythagorus and Pythagoreanism
Pythagoras can be thought of as more of a sage, or master, of number, ration, resonance, and musical harmonics.
Limited/unlimited appears to be the primary dynamic of kosmos as well as an origin of the opposition of hierarchy table.
Metempsychosis - the transmigration of souls
odd/even; one/many; unity/multiplicity; right/left; male/female; still/moving; light/dark; good/bad; square/oblong
Introduction
3) adherence to a particular set of approaches to problem solving (although not especially followed).
4) tempered curiosity. 5) a love of facility with abstract concepts.
2) assumption that the human rational mind is the correct tool for understanding the world.
Scientific attitudes include: 1) optimistic assumption that the world and its components are comprehensible.
Pre-socratics look to replace mythos with logos, and look towards nature to explain the make-up of the world.
Parminedes and Zeno of Elea
Parmenides works out the first version of formal deduction logic such as premises and inference rules to guarantee truth.
Parmenides premises - 1) The world is one thing. 2) What is, is. 3) What is not, is not. - imply that change cannot occur.
Zeno is Parmenides' sycophant, and presents four absurd arguments: 1)Dichotomy 2) Achilles 3) Arrow 4) Stadium.
Anaxagoras of Clazomenae
Anaxagoras was a big influence on Aristotle, as well as the idea of a multiplicity of universes.
Introduces the mind as pure, or not mixed, and rational. The mind is also the planter of seeds that have the ability to become.
Everything else is mixed, and is homoeonomeous, or contains blended proportions.
Hippias of Elis
How do you learn? How do you prepare to learn? How do you achieve learning? What is a fine thing? What is the fine?
Get rid of false assumptions. Realize what you do not know. Ask the right question do the work, dialectic, and reject absurdities. A fine thing is an example or illustration, whereas the fine is a definition, being, nature, or essence.
The "polymath", Hippias introduces an early theory of forms and of education as well as a continuity theory of reality. He also articulates theory of natural law as opposed to conventional law.
The Atomists
Atoms are indivisible minute particles, and they make up the full and the void that makes up the empty.
Atoms have three differences: 1) Shape 2) Position 3) Arrangement.
Democritus and Leucippus are atomists, and they are both materialists and pluralists.
Empedocles of Acragoras
Roots are earth, air, fire, and water. Motive forces are love and strife, and they are cyclical.
Love pulls together dissimilar stuff into one big thing, and strife breaks apart by pulling together similar things.
Empedocles introduces a plurality of roots, or elements, that are compounded as well as two universal motive forces.
Aristotle
Introductory Readings
Aristotle studied at Plato's school from the time he was seventeen until the time of Plato's death. Plato left the school in the hands of his nephew, and so Aristotle left, traveled, and then started his own school.
Plato says that the really real is another realm, whereas Aristotle says it is the interconnectedness of this world.
Organon are "tools" for learning. Categories are predication, or relationships between things like homonyms, synonyms, and paronyms. Predication is the way of speaking about what is.
Substance is neither in a subject nor said of a subject. Substance is being, and a compound of form and matter.
Deduction is if p and q are true, then are is true. Demonstration is understanding from true premises. Dialectical is from common beliefs. Definition is the account of the thing which signifies its essence.
Physics
The four causes are: 1) Material - matter, stuff 2) Efficient - primary principle of change or stability 3) Formal - pattern/essence/definition 4) Final - what is it for/purpose/end
Being is a state, whereas coming-to-be is a process, and this can be understood in relation to motion and change.
Nature is an inner principle of being, in particular, or change and motion (of things that have those capacities).
Things come to be through changes that depend on an underlying subject that is mostly matter, and things that come to be are always composite of forms and matter.
The two kinds of changes are: 1) Alteration worked on a subject i.e. water goes from hot to cold 2) Generation/corruption i.e. subject becomes different in its underlying prime matter.
De Anima
What to things come-to-be out of? What do they come to be as?
Aristotle's psychology says that the soul contains mind, emotion, and drives, or desires.
A hylomorphic theory of being is where being is a compound of form and matter where matter is en-formed, but form is not affected by matter.
Perception is interaction with the world, and the two kinds of objects of perception are: 1) Proper 2) Common.
Substances are things as compounds of form and matter where form is the actuality of essence and pattern, and matter is the potentiality of stuff.
There is a parallel between perception and knowing because perception is a foundation for knowledge.
The soul is the animating principle that makes things alive, and the three levels of the soul are: 1) Nutritive - plants; powers of growth, nutrition, and reproduction. 2) Perceptive - non-human animals; powers of perception and emotion. 3) Rational - humans; powers of cognitive function.
Metaphysics
What is a substance? What is a universal?
A substance is a "this", a compound of form and matter, and a universal is a "such" common to many things.
Subject is the kind of thing we mean as substance, and subject is either a "this", or the essence that underlies all change.
Form is the cause, or principle of organization, in which form shapes the matter because form is related to the universal as a pattern.
Being is spoken of existing things such as bodies, plants, animals, form and matter compounds, and qualities.
The unmoved mover/first mover is what begins all motion.
Metaphysics is "the first science" because it is the study of first principles, of the best things, of the most important things.
Plato on Love
Symposium
The drinking party where drinking is an example of a shift in consciousness to get "closer to the gods".
Phaedrus spoke first and gave us the origin of Love as an elder god according to Hesiod.
Pausanias spoke second and differentiated between two kinds of love: 1) The male love, Eros and 2) the female love, Aphrodite.
Eryximachus spoke third and hopes to bring harmony to opposites, or show how love does just that.
Socrates speaks of the wise Diatoma, and she says that love is not good or bad, beautiful or ugly, but somewhere in between.
Phaedrus
We must first understand the truth about the nature of the soul, and Socrates gives his black horse/white horse example.
Better to be a boyfriend of a non-lover because love is overwhelming and it makes people stupid.
Phaedrus recites a speech by Lysis about the seduction of a speaker who is not in love, but Socrates is not truly impressed.
The two ruling principles are: 1) Desire for pleasures, or a force that overwhelms reason. 2) Acquired judgement for what is best.
Rhetoric is something that we know is true, dialectic is a way of looking for the truth, speech is to show the nature of the soul, and the unwritten doctrine is proper writing.
What is a lover? What is it to be loved?
Alcibiades
Socrates is Alcibiades only lover because Socrates knows his ambition and desires.
Socrates is wise because he knows that he does not know everything, and he wants Alcibiades to do the same.
Alcibiades thinks that he knows what is just/unjust, but it turns out that Alcibiades only knows that some things are more just.
We are able to learn, or find things out by: 1) Being taught by an appropriate teacher. 2) Figuring it out by ourselves.
"The errors in our conduct are caused by this kind of ignorance, of thinking that we know when we do not know."
Lysis
"So what is neither good nor bad becomes a friend of the good because of the presence of something bad."
Passionate love and friendship and desire are directed towards what belongs to oneself.
What is a friend, or a friendship? Are friends like to like, unlike to unlike, both, or neither?
"What belongs to u by nature has shown itself to us as something we must love."
Part of wisdom is knowing what you don't know, but that makes me desire to know, and that desire is a lack of possession.
Pythagorean Women
Pericionne I
Pericionne II
Aesara of Lucania
Aesara wrote at least on treatise of book on human nature.
Aesara proposed that analyzing the soul is out best chance to understand the kosmos.
Aesara was very human-centered. Her three spheres of life were wisdom, spiritedness, and desire, and her tri-partite soul included a balance of proper proportion between mind, body, and spirit.
Phintes
Hellenistic Philosophy
Stoics say that the kosmos is a single system of a rational living entity that breathes into us as humans.
Epicureans say that the soul is a special type of atoms, and that there is no soul after death..
Stoics say that the soul is a special substance called pneuma or breath given to us by the divine spirit.
Epicureans are atomists, and they deny a distinction between form and matter because atoms already have both.
Epicureans say that material reality is discrete, or individual. Stoics say that material reality is continuous, or unified.
The Epicureans say that pleasure is morally right, and seek to increase pleasure while decreasing pain.
The Epicureans and the Stoics form, and they both say that it is a material reality and only material bodies are effected.
The Stoics say that living in accordance with nature is our only choice, and that is to be virtuous or not to be virtuous.
Took place after Alexander the Great during the "Roman" period and during the decline of Greek power.
As for the skeptics of this period, all they will do is suspend judgement because there is no way to be sure of anything.