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Biology Follow -on-task (Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration (One difference…
Biology Follow -on-task
Vaccination
What is included in a vaccination?
People can be immunised against a pathogen through a process called vaccination.
Vaccination consisted of putting a small amount of an harmless/dead form of a pathogen into the body mainly through injections.
Vaccines can contain:
live pathogens treated to make sure they aren't harmful.
harmless fragments of an inactive form of pathogen
toxins produced by pathogens
dead pathogens.
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When injected into the body, they stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies to destroy the pathogen.
Due to the vaccine containing a weakened or harmless version of a pathogen, the vaccinated person is not in danger of developing the disease in the future therefore they are immune.
Although the majority of the people who get vaccinated don't experience any harmful reactions, some people may suffer a mild reaction. If the person does get infected by the pathogen later, the required lymphocytes (White blood cells that anti-toxins) are able to reproduce rapidly and destroy it.
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Antibiotics
Anti-biotics such as penicillin kill the bacteria by damaging their cells without harming your own cells. However antibiotics cant kill viral pathogens so they have no effect on disease caused by viruses as they reproduce within your cells. It is extremely difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without damaging the cells and tissues of your own body at the same time! A problem that is occurring, is that few bacterium are evolving to become resistance to antibiotics which means there may be many diseases caused by bacteria that we may not be able to stop until a new drug is developed!
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Bacteria reproduction
Bacteria reproduction
Bacteria divides rapidly by splitting in 2 (binary fission) This means that one cell splits into two new cells.
Growing bacteria
Bacteria can reproduce very quickly by cell division only if conditions are right so enough warmth, moisture and suitable nutrients. larger numbers of bacteria can be grown within in large containers. Smaller numbers can be cultured in the lab by growing them on agar plates.
Colonies of bacteria
To ensure they are not contaminated by any other sorts of microorganisms, the following aseptic) conditions are required;
the Petri dishes,agar jelly and other culture media must be sterilised
The loops that are used to transfer microorganisms must be disinfected and the lid of the Petri dish is sealed with tape to prevent microorganisms from the air getting in and contaminating the colonies
Some bacteria use organic nutrients, others can make their own nutrients. This means that bacteria are able to survive on a large range of energy sources and can live in a wide variety of habitats. For example, bacteria can:
-invade other living things including being able to cause disease
-Cause spoil food which could result in people getting food poisoning
Food is kept at a low temperature in refrigerators so bacteria cannot reproduce quickly because bacteria reproduces slower in cooler temparatures.
It would be dangerous to incubate cultures at temperatures close to body temperature (37°C) because doing so might allow the growth of pathogens harmful to health.
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