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Task 5. What about the senses? (Hypotheses - Relationship between sensory…

- - - - Participants had to respond to numbers that were presented visually during a silence condition and an auditory distraction condition (other digits spoken out loud). 1) n=0 condition: judge whether current digit consisted of prespecified digit 2) n=1 condition: judge whether current digit is the same as 1 position back 3) n=2 condition: judge whether current digit is same as 2 positions back
        
        1) Irrelevant auditory information did not disrupt accuracy in either age group: young and old equally able to suppress cross-modal auditory distraction. Actually, the older group was faster with auditory distraction, probably due to different strategies 2) no differences between age-groups with increasing memory load
        
        Challenges inhibitory deficit hypothesis
    - - Participants had to respond to numbers that were presented auditory during a no visual input condition and a visual distraction condition (other green and red digits on a screen, eye-activity tracked with eye-tracker). 1) n=0 condition: judge whether current digit consisted of prespecified digit 2) n=1 condition: judge whether current digit is the same as 1 position back 3) n=2 condition: judge whether current digit is same as 2 positions back
        
        1) Both age groups affected by visual distraction, however the disruption is larger for older 2) Memory load does not modulate cross-modal visual distraction in either age group
        
        in line with inhibitory deficit hypothesis
  - - - Evidence for ISE. occurs at the level of the phonological store of working memory. Recall is affected by auditory stimuli that include verbal component, but remains intact when the auditory background is nonverbal (e.g. white noise).
      - AS: technique of articulary suppression. Participants are asked to repeat continuously a word segments such as the or bla while presented material in the visual modality. As occupies rehearsal procedure, prevents the transfer of written input into phonological store: Visual information has to be rehearsed, and auditory information is processed directly.
    - - Experiment 1
        
        Participants were required to reproduce an entire sequence in correct order by pointing to each of them serialy with a finger while ignoring one of the auditory backgrounds (silence, nonverbal noise, nonfamiliar verbal noise, familiar verbal noise); also there were conditions where they had to say bla (AS) or nothing (no-AS)
      - Experiment 2: main purpose was to neutralize group effect (older adults always scored lower, because the sequences are more demanding for them. For this reasons, they adjusted to each participant the digit-sequence lenght
      - Results
        
        Overall, verbal noises affected the digit recall, but not the non-verbal noise
        
        Familiar and non-familiar speech produced equivalent interference effect confirming that ISE does not depend on semantic content.
        
        older adults have a lower recall than younger ones, but both show ISE effect. For the 4 noise conditions, there were no age effects, young and older participants showed the same overall performance level => noise generally impairs recall. Older adults were not more disrupted than younger adults by the presence of irrelevant background noise.
        
        this result runs counter inhibition deficits in ageing
        
        The two experiments had same conclusions
      - Comparison to negative priming
        
        Inhibition is modality specific (not a general deficit). Different type of inhibitions = In priming is the result of the residual activation of the representation of the distractor, while in ISE is about the phonological store and WM. In consequence, this could be more about different inhibitory mechanisms may be differentially sensitive to normal aging (e.g. lexico-semantic inhibition impaired, but phonological inhibition is preserved).  Inhibition can be separated into distinct subsystems, depending in the type of processing required.
        
        Depends on the level of processing: When compared to the negative priming task, in which participants must process a target and a distractor during the priming before providing an answer, in the ISE paradigm, they are instructed to IGNORE all irrelevant information. In this way, they do not have to process in the same way as the ISE paradigm. Thus, it is possible that older individuals show inhibitory effects only in situations where the distracting info is processed at a deeper level
- - - - All the tasks are applied under 5 conditions (reductions in visual & auditory acuity, reduction of vision, reduction of audition, placebo and no treatment) Cognitive battery in which perceptual speed, reasoning, episodic memory, verbal knowledge and fluency was measured + Working memory measure (2 versions. visual task and auditory task).