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GENDER + EDUCATION (Gender gap (Internal Factors (GCSE and Coursework…
GENDER + EDUCATION
Gender gap
Internal Factors
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GCSE and Coursework
Stephen Gorard - Gender gap constant 1975 - 1989, then increased sharply when GCSE were added (coursework)
Gender gap is a "product of the changed system of assessment rather than any more general failing of boys"
Mitsos and Browne - Support Gorard. Girls more successful coursework since they are more conscientious and organised:
- Spend more time on work
- More care on presentation
- Meet deadlines better
- Bring correct equipment
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Result of gender role socialization - Girls encouraged to be neat, tidy, patient. These are advantages over boys.
But Elwood - Coursework has some influence but is unlikely to be only cause, because exams have more influence on final grades.
Teacher Attention
Jane & Peter French - Boys recieved more attention because they had more reprimands,
Francis - Also found boys got more attention and were disciplined harshly, felt picked on, tend to lower expectations
Swann - Boys dominate whole class discussion, girls better at listening and cooperating (pair/group work) is more civil and not with hostile interruptions of boys' speech
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External Factors
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Changing Ambitions
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Beck and Beck-Gernsheim - Link trend to individualization in modern society. (Independence is valued)
A career is part of a woman's life project = it promises recognition and economic self--sufficiency
Changes In Employment
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Changes have encouraged girls to see future in work (not housewife) Greater career opportunities and better pay, and role models, provide intensive for girls to gain qualifications
Changes In Family
- Increase in divorce
- Increase in cohabitation and decrease in no. of first marriages
- Increase in no. of lone-parent families
- Smaller families
Female-headed lone-parent families may mean more women take on breadwinner role. New adult role model for girls.
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Divorce rate, may suggest it is unwise to rely on husband as provider.
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Identity, Class + Achievment
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