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Ecology (Population (Human population growth (Ecological footprint (The…

- - - - Born with it
        
        Ex. Sea Turtle baby heads toward sea when they are born.
        
        Instinct
        
        Genetically programmed response to certain stimulus
        
        Ex. Palmar grasping reflex in human babies
        
        Ex. Hognose snake playing dead
        
        Fixed Action Pattern
        
        A sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus.
        
        Ex. Greylag goose
    - - Modified behavior through / from observation and specific experiences.
        
        Ex. Chimpanzee using tool learned from watching other chimpanzee
      - Imprinting
        
        Konrad Lorenz
        
        Ex. Geese, Salmon
        
        The formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object.
      - Associative Learning
        
        The ability to associate one environmental feature with another.
        
        Ivan Pavlov
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Ex. Dogs salivating to a neutral stimulus ( ringing of bell)
      - Trial & Error
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Behavior is modified by reward or punishment.
        
        B. F. Skinner
        
        Ex. Skinner's Box
        
        Mouse learned to correlate light with punishment and reward
        
        Josh Klein
        
        Ex. Crow vending machine
      - Habituation
        
        When you get the same stimulus over and over again and eventually learn to ignore
        
        Ex. Prairie dog scream in the presence of danger but not human
        
        Ex. Sea anemone differentiate between shrimp and plastic
      - Observational Learning
        
        Seeing and mimic
        
        Ex. Octopus learning from other octopus to open bottle to get food inside.
        
        Ex. Makak monkey mimic human's sticking tongue out
      - Insight
        
        Combine parts to solve problem
        
        Chimpanzee solving banana problem
- - - - Warm, moist air approaches mountain
        
        It rise and cools
        
        Release moisture
        
        A lot of rain
        
        More fertile land for agriculture
      - Leeward side
        
        Cooler, drier air descends
        
        Absorbing moisture
        
        Produces rain shadow
        
        Usually deserts
    - - The intensity of solar radiation varies seasonally
      - Smallest variation in tropic region
      - Increase variation toward the pole
    - - Earth's rotation
        
        Formation of cyclonic weather system
        
        Storms swirl clockwise
        
        Southern hemisphere
        
        Storms swirl counterclockwise
        
        Northern hemisphere
    - - Solar radiation initates
        
        Global pattern of air circulation
        
        Low temperature
        
        High-altitude air masses
        
        Dry
        
        Descend toward Earth around 30 degree North and South
        
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        High temperature
        
        Tropics
        
        Evaporate water
        
        Warm and moist air
        
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        Precipitation
    - - High specific heat of water
        
        Moderate the climate of nearby land
        
        Mediterranean climate
  - - - Equatorial and subequatorial regions
      - Rainfall seasonal
        
        Averages 30 - 50 cm per year
        
        Dry season can last up to eight or nine months
      - Warm year-round
        
        24 - 29 degree Celsius
      - Vegetation
        
        Scattered trees
        
        Thorny
        
        Small leaves
        
        Grasses
        
        Forbs
        
        Fire-adapt and drought tolerant species dominant
    - - Midlatitude coastal regions
      - Fall, Winter and Spring are cool
        
        Avg. temperature
        
        10 - 12 degree Celsius
      - Precipitation highly seasonal
        
        Rainy winters
        
        Dry summers
        
        30 - 50 cm
      - Summer can reach up to 30 degree Celsius
      - Vegetation
        
        Shrubs and small trees
      - Animal
        
        Browsers
        
        Deer and goats
        
        High diversity of small mammals
    - - Near 30 degree North and South latitude
      - Precipitation
        
        Low and highly variable
        
        Less than 30 cm per year
      - Temperature
        
        Varies seasonally and daily
        
        Maximum air temperature in hot deserts may exceed 50 degree
      - Vegetation
        
        Low
        
        Widely
        
        Scattered
        
        Succulents dominant
      - Animal
        
        Arthropods
        
        Reptiles
        
        Migratory and resident birds
        
        Seed-eating rodents
        
        Nocturnal species dominant
    - - The veldts of South Africa
        
        Puszta of Hungary
        
        Pampas of Argentina and Uruguay
        
        The plains and prairies of central North America
      - Highly seasonal
        
        Relatively dry winters
        
        Wet summer
        
        Periodic drought is common
      - Cold winter
        
        avg. negative 10 degree Celsius
      - Hot summer
        
        About 30 degree Celsius
      - Vegetation
        
        Grasses and forbs
      - Animal
        
        Large grazers
        
        Bison
        
        Wild horses
        
        Burrowing mammals
        
        Prairie dogs
    - - Equatorial and subequatorial regions
      - Rainfall is relatively constant
        
        About 200 - 400 cm annually
        
        Tropical dry forests
        
        Precipitation is highly seasonal
        
        About 150 - 200 cm annually
        
        6 - 7 month dry season
      - Competitive
        
        Emergent trees
        
        Closed canopy
        
        Broadleaf evergreen trees dominant
        
        Highest in animal diversity
        
        Arthropods
        
        Reptiles
        
        Amphibians
        
        Birds
    - - Northern North America and Eurasia
        
        To the edge of the arctic tundra
      - Taiga
        
        Largest terrestrial biome on Earth
      - Precipitation
        
        Annual generally ranges from 30 to 70 cm
        
        Periodic droughts are common
      - Winters are usually cold
        
        Negative 50 degree Celsius
      - Summers may be hot
        
        Over 20 degree Celsius
      - Vegetation
        
        Cone-bearing trees
        
        Pine
        
        Spruce
        
        Fir
        
        Hemlock
      - Animals
        
        Moose
        
        Brown bears
        
        Siberian tigers
        
        Periodic outbreaks of insects
    - - Midlatitudes in the Northern Hemispheres
        
        Smaller areas
        
        Chile
        
        South Africa
        
        Australia
        
        New Zealand
      - Precipitation average from about 70 - 200 cm annually
      - Winter temperatures avg. around 0 degree Celsius
      - Summer maximum temperatures near 35 degree Celsius
        
        Hot and Humid
      - Vegetation
        
        Temperate broadleaf forest
        
        Deciduous trees dominant
        
        Drop their leaves before winter
      - Animals
        
        Mammals hibernate in winter
        
        Bird species migrate to warmer climates
    - - The expansive areas of the Arctic
        
        High winds and low temperatures
        
        Produce similar plant communities
        
        Alpine tundra
      - Precipitation avg. from 20 - 60 cm
        
        May exceed 100 cm in alpine tundra
      - Cold winter avg. negative 30 degree Celsius
      - Summer temperatures generally average less than 10 degree Celsius
      - Vegetation
        
        Herbaceous
        
        Consisting of a mixture of mosses, grasses and forbs
        
        Dwarf shrubs
        
        Trees with Lichens
      - Animal
        
        Large grazing musk oxen
        
        Migratory
        
        Caribou
        
        Reindeer
        
        Bears
        
        Wolves
        
        Foxes
  - - - Physical
        
        A transition area between river and sea.
        
        Seawater flows up during a rising tide
        
        Flows back down during the falling tide
        
        High density seawater
        
        Occupied the bottom of the channel
      - Chemical
        
        Variation in salinity
        
        Nearly freshwater to seawater
        
        With rise and fall of the tides
        
        Nutrient from river
        
        Most productive biome
    - - Physical
        
        Periodically submerged and exposed by tides
        
        Upper zone
        
        Longer exposures to air
        
        Limit the distributions of many organisms to particular strata
        
        Greater variations in temperature and salinity
      - Chemical
        
        High oxygen level
        
        High nutrients level
        
        Renewed with each tides
    - - Physical
        
        Current
        
        Headwater streams
        
        Cold
        
        Clear
        
        Turbulent
        
        Swift
        
        Downstream water
        
        Substantial oxygen
        
        Organic enrichment
        
        Tributaries joined
        
        River
        
        Water warmer
        
        More turbid
        
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      - Chemical
        
        The salt and nutrients content increases
        
        From the headwaters to the mouth
        
        Headwaters
        
        Rich in oxygen
        
        Downstream contain substantial oxygen
        
        Downstream
        
        Except where there has been organic enrichment
        
        Consist of dissolved or highly fragmented material carried by the current from forest streams.
    - - Physical
        
        A vast realm of open blue water
        
        Constantly mixed by wind driven oceanic currents
        
        Clarity allows photic zone extends to greater depths
      - Chemical
        
        High oxygen level
        
        Lower nutrient concentration than coastal marine
        
        Thermally stratified year-round
    - - Physical
        
        Inundated by water at least some of the time
        
        Supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil
      - Chemical
        
        Both water and the souls are periodically low in dissolved oxygen.
        
        Have a high capacity to filter dissolved nutrients
        
        High organic production by plants
        
        Decomposition by microbes
        
        High chemical pollutants
    - - Physical
        
        Calcium carbonate skeletons of corals
        
        Shallow reef-building corals live in the photic zone
        
        Stable tropical marine environments
        
        High water clarity
        
        On islands or edge of continents
        
        Deep sea coral reef
        
        Found between 200 and 1,500 m deep
      - Chemical
        
        Corals require high oxygen level
        
        Excluded by high inputs of great water and nutrient
    - - Physical
        
        Standing bodies of water
        
        Range from ponds a few square meters in area
        
        To lakes covering thousands of square kilometers
        
        Light decreases with depth
        
        Stratification
        
        Temperate lakes
        
        Seasonal thermocline
      - Chemical
        
        Variation
        
        Salinity
        
        Oxygen concentration
        
        Nutrient content
        
        Eutrophic lakes
        
        Nutrient rich
        
        Often depleted of oxygen in the deepest zone in summer
        
        High decomposable organic matter in bottom sediments
        
        Oligotrophic lakes
        
        Nutrient-poor
        
        Oxygen-rich
        
        Low decomposable organic matter in bottom sediments
    - - Physical
        
        The sea floor below the surface water of the coastal
        
        Neritic
        
        Receive no sunlight
        
        Water temperature declines with depths
        
        Pressure increases with depth
      - Chemical
        
        Oxygen usually present at sufficient concentrations
- - - - Birth rate
      - Predation
      - Emigration
      - Food sources accessibility
      - Climate
      - Death rate
      - Terrain
      - Immigration
  - - - The growth rate continues to increase until it’s reach carrying capacity
      - Ex. Paramecium population with limited resources
    - - As growth rate increases the population increases
      - Ex. Deer population without predation and abundant resources
  - - - Predation
      - Competition
      - Disease
      - Territoriality
      - Toxic waste
      - Aggressive interaction
    - - Natural disaster
      - Dought
      - Forest fires
  - - - The population of human remains steady at about a billion until 1900s
        
        Rise of better modern medicine
        
        Exponentially skyrocket human population at about a billion people every 12 years
        
        Allows human to live longer
        
        Creation of antibiotic
        
        Penicillin
    - - The amount of land usage is needed to sustain a person’s life
      - 2.4 acres for third world individual
      - 24 acres for first world individual
    - - Third world
        
        Tends to have more children due to high mortality rate
        
        Lack of modern medicine aid
      - First world
        
        Tends to have less children due to financial burden.
        
        More aware about the consequences
        
        Be more informative about having children