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Unit 9 (JAVANESE GAMELAN (PATALON (Story from Hindu epic-…

- - - - Story of Kind of Rama whose wife is
        kidnapped by evil king
- - - - Looking to Africa for inspiration
      - Seeking racial equality and black cultural pride
    - - Poet Langston Hughes
      - Poet Zora Neale Hurston
      - Sculptor Richmond Barthé
      - Musicians Duke Ellington and William Grant Still
  - - - Arranger for radio and musical theater
      - Studied composition with Varèse
    - - Afro-American Symphony (1931)
      - 1st symphony by African American composer to be
        performed by major American orchestra
    - - 1st opera to be premiered by an African American
        composer
  - - - I- Barthe’s African Dancer
      - II- Johnson’s Mother & Child
      - III- Savage’s Gamin
  - - - Father former Civil War bandleader
    - - Used vernacular heritage
      - Polytonality,
      - Polyharmony
      - Polyrhythm
  - - - Billy the Kid & Appalachian Spring
      - Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Heiress
    - - Returned writing jazz and neo-Classical styles
  - - - Opening section of the suite evokes daybreak
      - Slow & Tranquil
      - Polychordal- gentle dissonance
    - - Collaboration with choreographer Martha Graham (1894–1991)
    - - Set of variations on the song Simple Gifts
      - Shaker song
      - Lots of changing tone colors and individual instruments featured
      - Majestic closing
- - - - Pitches for the organized melody
        
        Descent sequences- avaroha
        
        Other characteristics-
        
        Samavadi- 2nd most important note
        
        Pakad- essence of musical phrase
        
        Vadi- most important note
        
        Ascent sequences- aroha
      - Played on sitar
        
        Long-neck plucked string instrument with metal strings & gourd resonator
      - • Tala- complex rhythmic cycle; translation- clap
        
        Accompaniment to raga
        
        Tabla or Pakhawaj- Hand drums
      - Drone- form of harmony; striking of strings that sustain pitches
        
        Shruti box- bellows drone; electronic today
        
        Swarmandal- Indian harp
        
        Tanpura- long-necked, plucked ; string instrument
  - - - Taught his daughter Anoushka and the
        Beatle George Harrison
    - - Influenced Indian music in 1960 & 70s
        pop music
      - Performed at Woodstock in 1969
  - - - Introduction- Alap
        
        Slow/unmetered
        
        Sitar alone
      - 2nd Section- Gat
        
        Tabla enters
        
        Rhyhthmic cylce
      - 3rd Section- Jhala
        
        Faster tempo
        
        Interplay of instruments
    - - 2+4+4+4
- - - - After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing opera enjoyed a revival
      - 8 approved as “model plays”
      - Traditional operas were banned
    - - Purge China of class-structured society
      - The WEST the ENEMY
      - Leader- Mao Zedong
  - - - Japanese occupation of China in 1920s and ’30s
      - Li Tiemei takes up the cause of the communist martyrs after parents death of parents
      - No romance
    - - Erhu, Yang Qin, Pipa
      - Mandarin
      - Heterophony
- - - - East Africa borders Kenya & Lake Victoria
      - Influenced by Arab, Indonesian, and British cultures
    - - 4 musicians plays on pitched drums (called drum chimes & played with curved beaters)
      - 2 musicians accompany on unpitched drums
    - - Gapped melodies with interweaving new patterns
      - Polyrhythmic
      - Pentatonic
      - Story
        
        Subchief- Kangawo- wears a leopard skin headband for good luck.
        
        One night the headband disappears and he feels so unprotected that he falls ill and dies.
- - - - Costumes of the charros (Mexican cowboys)
      - Melody group (violins and trumpets)
      - Rhythm section (vihuelas, guitar, guitarrón, harp)
  - - - Shifting meters moving between simple triple (3/4) and compound (6/8)
      - Evocative of mariachi ensembles
      - Folk-like melodies
      - Prominent piano part and wind instrument focus
- - - - Dance-drama
      - Much style- costumes, makeup, etc.
    - - Kakubei- entertainer- steals things while
        performing a lion dance
    - - Simple tune played on the shamisen
      - Dance performance with drum and shamisen
        variations