Def: A series of acts that occur behaviorally in animals. It is unchangeable & carried out to completion once started

Def: A lessened response to a stimulus after repeated exposures to it

EX in video: A stream of hikers take photos of squirrels and those squirrels become used to the traffic so they are more audacious or less concerned around the humans in response

Def: Not learned behavior but rather, something that happens during a critical period in that organisms lifetime

Def: The ability to associate one environmental feature with another

EX in book: A blue jay that vomited a butterfly has probably learned to not eat anything of that butterfly's species

EX: A chimpanzee uses what he knows about water to reach food that is deep inside a tube

EX of behavior: A hognose snake spits at anything that threatens it in order intimidate the predictor being that the snake does not have poison

Part of behavior: If this snake is messed w/ too much, he'll through his head back, roll over, & starts to smell like it died. This behavior occurs the minute they hatch out of the egg

EX: Some moths will fold their wings when they detect ultrasonic sounds from predictors such as bats

Part of behavior: The moths fold up, fall to the ground & hide in response to the sounds. Stimulus -> ultrasonic sound. Fixed action pattern -
They fold, drop, & hide until the bat leaves

Ex in a video: If something were to pull an egg from a greylack goose that was sitting on it, the goose will pull the egg back in to finish incubating it.

Part of behavior: If you were also took something like a golf ball & set it next to the nest, the goose would also pull that in to be "incubated"

Book EX: EX: An animal thinking something else is it's mother

Behavior from a video: Konrad Lorenz took the mother goose out & took her place during the critical moment of the young geese & consequently, the young geese followed him, thinking he was the mom

Classic EX: Skinner tough a rat how to perform complex behaviors through this method. After Skinner took the rat through a series of learning he left the rat alone & when the green light came on in the cage, the rat touched the lever to make the food come out

Behavior from a video: A monkey learns how to drink from a bottle by observing a human do it

Stimulus for behavior: The red color on the other fake fish

Observed behavior: The stickleback fish merely attacks the red halved colored fake fish until the red fish is removed

Observed behavior: A jeweled wasps stings a cock-roach in the head in which the wasps uses it's venom to slightly paralyze the roach. Then the wasp brings the roach it's cave and barricades him in there after the wasp lays it's eggs inside the roach. As the baby wasp hatch, they slowly kill the roach

Purpose or effect of behavior: The cock-roach provides a safe place for the eggs to be laid & later hatched

Octopus # 2 observed octopus #1 who already knew how to open the jar get to the food. Once octopus # 2 received the jar from Dr. Graziano Fiorito, octopus # 2 got to the crab immediately b/c he knew how to do it by observation

A crow is given an 8 stage maze to get through to get to it's food. The crow tries the small stick first to get into the cage containing the food, that didn't work so he tried using the rock which worked & eventually the crow got to the food

Ducklings began to follow the cat around thinking that the cat was the duckling's mother

The ducklings needing a mother like organism to follow

The mother duck not being around for the critical period of the ducklings whereas the cat was

A man brought 24 rabbits to Australia so that he could hunt them. The rabbits had no natural predictors & the pop. grew at an alarming rate b/c the generations were building

A population's per capita growth rate stays the same regardless of population size, making the population grow faster as it gets larger

When a population increases due to there being an abundant amount of resources & organisms reproducing freely

When growth becomes more rapid in relation to the growing total number

A population's per capita rate gets smaller as population size approaches a maximum due to limiting resources in the environment (K)

The per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity

Def: A birth rate or death rate does NOT with population density

The rate of growth increases as the population increases

EX: The paramecium are grown in a constant environment lacking predators & competing species that may reduce growth of populations

EX: With the Daphnias, the population dropped below carrying capacity which made a delay in the population growth until the increased number of offspring were born,

Farmers minimizing the competition on the growth of crops by utilizing fertilizers

People who live in large populated cities are at higher risk for the flu or tuberculosis when an infected person coughs

A predator that captures more food as the population density of the prey increases

Population increases in the lemmings & other small rodents which lead to density dependent predation by predators including the snowy owl

Cheetahs use a chemical marker in urine to warn other cheetahs of their territorial boundaries

Reproductive rates of white footed mice in a field enclosure can drop. This drop in reproduction at high pop. density is associated w/ aggressive interactions & hormonal changed

Alcohol content in wine is usually less than 13% b/c that is the maximum concentration of ethanol that most wine- producing yeast cells can tolerate

EX from book: A population of elephants in Kruger National Park grew exponentially for ~ 60 years after they were protected. The large number of elephants caused damage to vegetation so the park managers gave the elephants birth control & sent some to other countries

They over went over carrying capacity b/c they were reproducing before they were able to stabilize

Beginning of human pop. increase: After the Industrial Revolution & after the founding of antibiotics

The human pop. is not going exponentially yet it is still steadily increasing

Def: The amount of land & water required by each person, city, or nation to produce all the resources it consumes to absorb all the waste it generates

Developed country: 24 acres

Land divided equally.: 2.4 acres per capita

2) As that mass hits the Rockies, air mass is forced up. It cools, then rains

3) There is less moisture is left in the air on the leeward side. This rain shadow can create a desert on the back side of the mountain range

To warn the other prairie dogs