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Addiction (The Moral model Earliest approach explains But why do people…
Addiction
The Moral model
Earliest approach explains
But why do people become addicted in the first place?
Positive Behavioural model explored with reward based investigations into animals, e.g. Skinner,
The Disease Model
The Physical Dependence Model
The Positive Reward Model
ALCOHOLISM
LONGER GENE HAS
ENZYMES IN METABOLISM OF ALCOHOL
JAPAN AND CHINA HAVE VERY LITTLE PROBLEMS OF ABUSE
addicted to
behaviours
NOT LTD TO
substances
legal / illegal, e.g some opiates
AGONIST:
mimic or increase action of transmitter
ANTAGONIST:
decreases or blocks action
lead to increase in dopamine; false boost, as increase in synapse artificially decreasing it's reuptake
ways to ingest drugs;
injected
inhaled
Olds & Milner 54
ICSS - Intracranial self stimulation
reinforcing and rewarding
LIMBIC SYSTEM
CONTROL CENTRE FOR EMOTIONAL AND BEH RESPONSES (AKA
REWARD CENTRE
)
meso
limbic pathways associated with dopamine
VTA to na & SN to s (substantia Nigra) projects to 2 areas:
NA
Striatum (PFC)
food, sex, thirst uses the same pathway
neurons detect stimulus and strengthen behaviours
species - specific
leyton (2010)
"motivational magnet"
However dopamine depletion causes apathy in human
indirectly leads to positive mood :<3:
LIM ET AL, 2008
found that Parkinson's sufferers suffer from dopamine dysregulation
Done to exhaustion - no satiation
FIBIGER 1950
Selectively removing NA neurons , the animal loses interest iin self administration of cocaine e.g. no reward
GENES INVOLVED -
Pecina 2003
DA increases wanting but not liking. Tastes different
Males 3 x more likely than females to be diagnosed (
Breedlove & Watson 2013
)
shown by continued use at the expense of
-cognitive
-behavioural
-physioloigcal
GENETICS?
Heartrate; found some early predictors of alcoholism
Physiological reasons
Behavioural reasons
fathers pass to sons, more tolerant
May be behavioural way of son dealing with alcoholism in father by following in foot steps
DSM describes
dependence
as more severe than
substance abuse
REMEMBER THIS EXCITING THING - EVEN IF IT'S
FEAR
! PLEASURE IS A BONUS
