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Unit 9: Music and Cultural Identity (Javanese Gamelan (Patalon (story from…
Unit 9: Music and Cultural Identity
Chapter 42
Romantic program music
incidental music
symphonic poem
concert overture
political unrest
stimulated schools of nationalistic composers
Spain
England
Scandinavia
Bohemia
Russia
Edvard Grieg
1843-1907
wrote Scandinavian nationalist music
born in Norway, attended Leipzig Conservatory
stipend from Norwegian government allowed him to focus on composition
goal was to create art accessible to all the public
international figure, notable for lyricism and use of folk music and dances
Listening Guide 33
Peer Gynt, Suite No. 1
Morning Mood
texture
homophonic
form
three part A-B-A
harmony
E major, with many harmonic inflections; static chords
expression
grows to a loud climax; swells in dynamics, then dies away
rhythm/meter
lilting 6/8 meter
performing forces
pastoral instruments (flute,oboe,horn) are prominent
melody
dreamy melody in an inverted arch shape, with decorative grace notes
In the Hall of the Mountain King
texture
homophonic
form
a single theme repeated over and over; closing coda
harmony
B minor
expression
huge crescendo and accelerando to a dramatic end
rhythm/meter
duple-meter march; short, staccato notes and off beat accents
performing forces
pizzicato strings and staccato woodwind effects; off beats in brass and percussion
melody
ghostly melody in two phrases, with a rising accented line
Chapter 57
the Harlem Renaissance
in the 1920s and '30s, African American artists paying tribute to their heritage
location- Harlem, NYC
Growing sense of a new black identity
looking to Africa for inspiration
seeking racial equality and black cultural pride
Famous Artists:
Poet Langston Hughes
Poet Zora Neale Hurston
Sculptor Richmond Barthe
Musicians Duke Ellington and William Grant Still
William Grant Still
1895-1978
grew up in Little Rock, Arkansas
studied violin
moved to Memphis, then New York
arranger for radio and musical theater
studied composition with Varese
search for a "modern American sound"
opened wider range of opportunities for African American musicians
1st symphony
Afro-American Symphony (1931)
1st symphony by African American composer to be performed by major American orchestra
1949 opera Troubled Island
Listening Guide 49
Suite for Violin and Piano
texture
mostly homophonic
form
sectional form, with four- and eight- measure ideas; opening returns frequently
harmony
modal, with blues chords; stride bass; use of ostinatos
timbre
violin trills, glissando's, and double stops
rhythm/meter
quick 2/4 meter; rhythmic and highly syncopated, with chords played on offbeats
expression
playful and humorous; evokes image of cocky street kid depicted by sculpture
melody
bluesy, short, syncopated ideas, with flatted third and seventh scale tones; ideas exchanged between violin and piano
Chapter 59
Modern American Nationalism
non-concert traditions played a vital role in North American musical life of the late 1800s
patriotism a part of national identity
compelling American sounds from attempts to integrate vernacular and "serious" music traditions
music from various parts of the country
art should "serve the American people" (Copland)
Charles Ives
1874-1954
Born in Danbury, Connecticut
father former Civil War Bandleader
church organist (13)
studied composition at Yale
decided against music as a profession and became insurance agent; composed in his spare time
gradually became known to the general public; famous by age 73
experimental composer
polytonality
polyharmony
used vernacular heritage
polyrhythm
Listening Guide 51
harmony
harshly dissonant, polytonal
form
sectional (A-B-A-B-A)
rhythm/meter
mostly duple, but with syncopation and triplets that disguise the meter
expression
humorous; the realism of amateur bands; nostalgic American tunes
melody
forceful march theme, over which many well-known tunes occur; main march returns throughout
performing forces
large wind ensemble, including woodwinds, brass, and percussion
Aaron Copland
Born in Brooklyn
1900-1990
studied in Paris with Nadia Boulanger
returned from Paris writing Jazz and neo-classical styles
in the 1930s and '40s changed directions-populist style
popular ballets and film sores
Billy the Kid and Appalachian Spring
Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Heiress
investigated in the 1950s as communist supporter
wide appeal and music useful in a variety of contexts
rooted primarily in Appalachian and other Anglo-American folk melodies
Listening Guide 52
Appalachian Springs
Section 1
harmony
overlapping of chords (poly chordal) produces a gentle dissonance
texture
individual instruments are featured
rhythm/meter
very slow, tranquil; changing meter is imperceptible
expression
introduces the characters; evokes a broad landscape at daybreak
melody
rising motive quietly unfolds, outlining a triad
section 7
harmony
moves between various keys
form
theme and five variations, on a traditional Shaker song
rhythm/meter
flowing duple meter, then tune in augmentation (slower)
timbre
each variation changes tone colors; individual instruments are featured
melody
theme with four phrases (a-a-b-a); later variations use only parts of the tune
expression
calm and flowing; majestic closing
Chapter 60
a culture combined
the culture and history of the U.S. and Mexico are intertwined
other Americans also crafted a uniquely American sound
Realized a nationalist approach through reference to vernacular traditions
musical traditions of Mexico
Mexico colonized by Spain in 1519, achieved independence in 1821
Late-nineteenth-century goal of creating a nationally distinctive style via Amerindian and mestizo culture
Mexican revolution of 1910 conjured up strong feelings of patriotism
Carlos Chavez instigated a government-sponsored program to promote national music
Mariachi ensembles a strong nationalist voice
Melody group (violins and trumpets)
rhythm section (vihuelas, guitar, guitarron, harp)
costumes of the charros (Mexican cowboys)
Silvestre Revueltas
1899-1940
born in Durango
studied composition in Mexico City and in the U.S.; became assistant conductor of the Orquesta Sinfonica de Mexico
went to Spain during Spanish Civil War of 1930s
love for Mexican provincial music
Mestizo realism drew on elements of Mexico's traditional culture
highly flavored with folk elements, especially mariachi band traditions
Listening Guide 53
Homage to Frederico Garcia Lorca
texture
polyphonic and complex
form
sectional (A-B-A-C-A-C-B-A-C)
harmony
dissonant, with mariachi-like idea played in thirds (C section)
expression
evokes a mariachi ensemble
rhythm/meter
strongly rhythmic and syncopated; shifting meters; percussive accents
timbre
unusual instrumentation, focused on winds; trumpets and violins in pairs; piano prominent
melody
three themes, syncopated; colorful and folk like ideas
performing forces
chamber orchestra (piccolo, E-flat clarinet, two trumpets, trombone, tuba, piano, percussion, two violins, and bass)
North Indian Classical Music
Overview
repertories of motives and themes- not a piece of music
all memorized- no notation
centuries-old performance tradition linked to Hinduism (12th century)_
music passed down via oral tradition
apprenticeships
master players- pandit or ustad
system
music system
raga: series of pitches, projects mood, time of day
pitches for the organized melody
descent sequences- avaroha
other characteristics
vadi- most important note
Samavadi- 2nd most important note
Pakad- essence of musical phrase
ascent sequences- aroha
played on sitar
long-neck plucked string instrument with metal strings and gourd resonator
tala- complex rhythmic cycle; translation- clap
accompaniment to raga
tabla or Pakhawaj- hand drums
drone- form of harmony; striking of strings that sustain pitches
shruti box- bellows drone; electronic today
swarmandal- Indian harp
tanpura- long-necked, plucked; string instrument
Ravi Shankar
1920-2012
one of the best known sitar players and teachers
apprenticeship system
taught his daughter Anoushka and the Beatle George Harrison
raga rock
Influenced Indian music in 1960 and 70s pop music
performed at Woodstock in 1969
Raga Bhimpalasi
improvised melodic elaborations
ascending and descending raga
form: introduction (alap), slow/unmetered, sitar alone
2nd section - Gat: tabla enters, rhythmic cycle
3rd section - Jhala: faster tempo, interplay of instruments
complex rhythm - 2+4+4+4
Chinese Opera
leading form of entertainment in China for centuries (13th century)
Beijing Opera
most prestigious
blend- music/mime/dance/costumes
themes- novels and politics
cultural revolution (1966)
opera
after the Cultural revolution, Beijing opera enjoyed a revival
8 approved as "model plays"
traditional operas were banned
communist regime
leader- Mao Zedong
the West is the Enemy
purge china of class- structured society
The Story of the Red Lantern
based on 1958 novel - Will be Followers of Revolution by Daoyuan
story
Li Tiemei takes up the cause of the communist martyrs after parents death
no romance
Japanese occupation of China in 1920s and '30s
heard on radio, film, and in live performances
singing styles and accompanying instruments very different from Western opera
"To be such a person" for soprano soloist accompanied by traditional Chinese instruments
Mandarin
Heterophony
Erhu, Yang Qin, Pipa
Japanese Music
little contact with the West until 1854
Japan adopted elements of Western culture
Westerners experienced a "craze" for all things Japanese
US Navy ended isolation
Scale system
pentatonic (5 notes)
Echigo Jishi (The Lion of Echigo)
1811
Kabuki play
dance-drama
much style- costumes, makeup, etc.
story
Kabukei-entertainer-steals things while performing a lion dance
two versions presented here:
simple tune played on the shamisen
dance performance with drum and shamisen variations
Javanese Gamelan
traditional ensemble music of Java, Bali, and Sundan-Indonesia
Hindu, Islamic, and Buddhist influences
mostly metallic percussion instruments
oral tradition and performed by memory
passed down from master to apprentice
interaction of the melodic movement with a cyclical rhythmic structure determines the form of the work
1889 Paris World Exhibition - introduced to Western culture
performed at:
ritual ceremonies, court performances
shadow-puppet theater (Wayang)
shadow-puppet plays begin early evening and continue until dawn
Patalon
overture to shadow- puppet play
story from Hindu epic- Ramayana
story of kind of Rama whose wife is kidnapped by evil king
melody based on pentatonic scales
drum marks transition between sections
first section slow and stately
singer elaborates melody
East African Drumming
repeating patterns that superimpose on each other
Europeans once viewed African music to be "primitive" due to lack of melodic and harmonic content
oral tradition
passed down from master to apprentice
royal drum ensembles of Uganda- Entenga
Uganda
East Africa borders Kenya and Lake Victoria
influenced by Arab, Indonesian, and British cultures
music played at courts
consist of both pitched and unpitched drums
ensemble has 6 musicians and 15 drums
4 musicians play on pitched drums (called drum chimes and played with curved beaters)
2 musicians accompany on unpitched drums
use pentatonic melodies and polyrhythms
Ensiriba Ya Munange Katego
gapped melodies with interweaving new patterns
polyrhytmic
pentatonic
story
subchief- Kangawo- wears leopard skin headband for good luck
one night the headband disappears and he feels so unprotected that he falls ill and dies