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INTERPRETATION OF CBC (Blood (Functions (Transport and Distribution
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INTERPRETATION OF CBC
Blood
- liquid connective tissue.
- mixture of (formed elements ~45% (blood cells & platelets) & plasma ~55% – the fluid matrix)
- Denser and more viscous than water due to:
dissolved ions & organic molecules, especially plasma proteins, and to the blood cells
composition and volume regulated by CNS & hormones
- Temp - 38° C
- pH - 7.4 (critical to be between 7.35 and 7.45)
- Volumes differ between sexes, conditional on many factors
Females - average 4-5 L, Males - average 5-6 L
Functions
- Transport and Distribution
delivery of O2, nutrients, and hormones
removal of CO2 and metabolic wastes
- Regulation of Internal Homeostasis
body temperature, pH, fluid volume, composition of the interstitial fluid/lymph
- Protection
necessary for inflammation and repair
prevents blood loss by hemostasis (coagulation)
prevents infection
Hematocrit = “packed cell volume”
percentage of formed element measured in a blood sample, about 45%
Plasma
- 92% water
- 7% proteins (for osmotic balance)
albumin (60%): transports lipids, steroid hormones
fibrinogen (4%) - blood clotting
globulins (35%) – classes α, β, and γ
1% other regulatory proteins
- 1% Other solutes
Waste products - carried to various organs for removal
Nutrients – glucose and other sugars, amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals
Electrolytes (ions)
Regulatory substances (enzymes, hormones)
Formed Elements
99% red blood cells (120 days)
- <1% white blood cells and thrombocytes (platelets (7 days))
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
Granular leukocytes (granulocytes (7 hours))
(neutrophils (60-70% ), eosinophils (2- 4% ), basophils ( 0- 1 % ))
Agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
(lymphocytes (20- 45%) - T cells, B cells, monocytes ( 4- 8% ) - macrophages)
WBC
Leukocytosis
- abnormally large number of leukocytes. (more than 10g/l)
- leukemoid reactions, white blood cell counts may range up to 100 G/ L.
Neutrophil
- Respond first to bacteria damage by chemotaxis
- Phagocytosis
- After engulfing pathogen releases several chemicals
(lysozyme, oxidants, defensins)
neutrophilia
- Bacterial Infections
- Tissue Necrosis And Trauma
Myocardial Infarction, Pulmonary Embolism, Oparzenia
- Chronic Inflammation
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Connective Tissue Disorders, Myosistis
- Metabolic Diseases
Diabetes,Uremia, Eclampsiaacidosis, Gout
- Malignant Diseases
- Hemorrhage Or Hemolysis
- Drugs-Corticosteroids, G-Csf, Gm-Csf
- Leukemias: Myeloproliferative Diseases
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Polycythemia Vera, Osteomyelofibrosis, Thrombocytosis Essentialis
- Myelodysplasia- Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
- Smoking
-
Eosinophil
- Phagocytes Antigen-Antibody Complexes
- Eosinophilia (> 0,5 G/L)
-
Hyper Eosinophilia (> 1,5 G/L)
- Parasitic Diseases: Amoebiasis, Hookworm, Ascariasis
- Allergic Diseases: Hay Fever, Asthma, Urticaria
- Recovery From Acute Infections
- Metastatic Malignanacy
lymphocytes
- Lymphocytosis:
Viral Infections: Mononucleosis, Hepatitis, Hiv, Herpes
Bacterial Infections:Syphilis, Tb, Toxoplasmosis
Thyreotoxicosis
Lymphomas
- Limphopenia (<1,0 G/L)
Immune Deficiency Syndrome, Acute Stress, Burn Injury
Drugs: Steroids, Cytostatics, Monoclonal Antibodies
Bone Marrow Failures, Aids, Radiation, Alcoholism
Monocytosis (> 0,8 G/l)
- Chronic Bacterial Infections: Endocarditis, Tb
- Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Connective Tissue, Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
- Malignant Tumors
-
Hematopoiesis
- Haemopoietic System Includes The Bone Marrow, Liver, Spleen, Lymph Nodes And Thymus.
- There are two major inherited cell lines derived from the pluripotential stem cell: lymphocytic and myeloid (non-lymphocytic) cells
growth factors
- are glycoproteins, regulate the differentiation and proliferation of haemopoietic progenitor cells and the function of mature blood cells.
- include erythropoietin, interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-6, -7, -11, -12, β-catenin, stem cell factor (SCF) and Fms-tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3).
Peripheral Blood
- The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of red cells: used to classify anaemia.
- The red cell distribution width (RDW): elevated RDW suggests variation in red cell size, i.e. anisocytosis, and this is seen in iron deficiency. In β-thalassaemia trait, the RDW is usually normal.
- The white cell count (WCC), (or WBC,)= 4.0–11.0
- Reticulocytes (28 – 100 G/l): gives a guide to the erythroid activity in the bone marrow.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): measure of the acute-phase response.
- Plasma viscosity
- C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentraxin, produced in the acute-phase response.
-
Laboratory Tests
- Full Blood Count
- Bone Marrow Biopsy, Trephine, Cytochemistry
- Cytogenetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Molecular Biology
- Biochemistry Tests
- Radiology (Xray, Ct, Usg, Mri Etc)