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geography revision (rainforests (trees (tree trunks (smooth trunks to…
geography revision
rainforests
climate
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rainforests are wet because of the water evaporates from the leaves of the plants when they get hot. this forms clouds, and then it rains
rainforests are warm because they are near to the equator, and so the sun is directly overhead
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trees
evergreen, shedding leaves and growing continuously
leaves dark green and waxy, limiting moisture loss in the high temperature
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insects and animals
vast numbers of different species: Brazil has over 1500 different birds and over 450 species of reptile
many have adapted to living in trees and occupy the canopy layers, feeding on the abundant food supplies of flowers and fruit
soils
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generally infertile because decomposition of leaves and other organic matter and the uptake of the nutrients produced are so rapid
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rivers
features of a river
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flood plain
when there is heavy rainfall the discharge of the river increases and the river floods. The flood water is slowed by friction caused the vegetation. Heavy boulders are depostion first and then fine sediment which creates fertile land for animals and crops.
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transportation
suspension
fine,light material is carried along by the river
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erosion
hydraulic action
this process involves the force of water against the coast. the waves enter cracks (faults) in the coastline and compress the air within the crack expand quickly causing a minor explosion
corrasion
this involves fragments of rock being picked up and hurried by the sea at cliffs. the rocks act like tools that gouge and scrape the rock
attrition
this is where rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another, causing them to become smaller and more rounded
solution
some rocks are vulnerable to being dissolved by the sea water. this is particularly true of lime stone and chalk, which form cliffs in many parts of the uk.
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boscastle
causes
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relief rainfall - air travelling over the atlantic and when it hits land it rises and condenses causing cloud and rain
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weathering
freeze thaw
Water enters the cracks during the warmer day and freezes during the colder night. when the frozen water warms it expands the rocks
carbonation
Dissolved carbon dioxide in rainwater or in moist air forms carbonic acid, and this acid reacts with minerals in rocks.
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coasts
keywords
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bar
where a spit grows across a bay, a bay bar can eventually enclose the bay to create a lagoon
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erosion
wearing away and removal of material by a moving force, such as a breaking wave
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solution
some rocks are vulnerable to being dissolved by the sea water. this is particularly true of lime stone and chalk, which form cliffs in many parts of the uk.
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longshore drift
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swash comes in from the south west, backwash goes out to the south
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mass movement
cliff slumping
water soaks through loose gravel into impermeable clay. the clay holds the water and becomes wet and soggy until it collapses
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waves
constructive
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this wave uses all its energy in the swash and moving material up the beach so it has a weak backwash
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Depositional landforms
spit
a spit is formed when a coastline turns suddenly, normally at the mouth of a river, and longshore drift carries sediment and deposits it on the beach which stretches out across the mouth
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sand bar
a sandbar is formed when a cove is turned into a lagoon. as the sea erodes the cliff it finds a gap and breaches into the softer rock behind a cove is formed. longshore drift carries beach sediment along the coast and slowly deposits the sediment along the mouth of the cove to create a beach and a lagoon.
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tombolos
sediment is deposited like a sandbar but instead of joining two headlands it joins an island to the mainland. it is attached to the mainland by a narrow piece of land
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land forms sheet
The jurassic coast
arch
over time erosion may lead to two back - back caves breaking through a headland to form an arch. Gradually the arch is enlarged by erosion and weathering
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spit
a spit is formed when a coastline turns suddenly normally at the mouth of a river and longshore drift carries sediment and deposits it on the beach which stretches out across the mouth
wave cut platform
through a continual sequence of wave cut notch and cliff collapse, the cliff will gradually retreat. in its place will be a gently sloping platform called a wave cut platorm. its typically smooth due to the process of abrasion
headland
The tougher, more resistant bands of rock are eroded much more slowly. They stick out into the sea to form headlands.
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old harry rocks (stacks)
eventually the roof of the arch will be worn away and collapse to form an isolated pillar of rock known as a stack
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bays
the sea punches a hole in the hard rock and erodes the soft rock until it reaches another layer of hard rock.
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water aid
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local people
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women especially help lay the pipes and make the water pump as they will benefit the most by not having to walk to collect water
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what is water aid?
a charity that operates in 17 countries mostly in Asia or Africa such as Ethiopia, Tanzania and India
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provides clean, reliable drinking water and sanitation
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problem
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4,000 children die every day
A community spent money on medicine they can now spend that money other things due to clean water supply making them healthier
uneven development
coal
The uk discovered coal which was used in iron smelting.
The money from coal and iron was used in education and exploration.
colonialism
Country A goes to country B and says we are now in charge.
Many european countries colonised africa and took their natural and human resources.
unfair trade
Lic’s primarily produce raw materials, which are sold to developed countries that manufacture a product.
political corruption
In zaire, the late president is reported to have had personal fortune of over £5 billion, much of which was money of loans from the world bank.
debt
By struggling to pay debt countries cannot invest in education, medical care, transport routes and are often giving up more of their raw materials as pay off.
china
nike
headquarters in oregon, usa
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problems for LIC
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cause environmental damage like air pollution, waste dumped in rivers etc
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year 9
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4 types of erosion
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Attrition
rocks being carried by the river smash together and break into smaller, smoother and rounder particles.
Hydraulic action
the force of the river against the banks can cause air to be trapped in cracks and crevices. The pressure weakens the banks and gradually wears it away.
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Climate change
physical
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The earth changes its orbit around the sun every 100,000
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70,000 estimated deaths from extreme high air temperatures in europe during the summer of 2003
1.2m deaths caused by urban air pollution, which increases mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases
Sea levels could rise as much as 80 by the end of the century. They are likely to be even greater at low latitudes affecting low lying regions such as bangladesh
Aid
advantages
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Provision of medical training, medicines and equipment can improve health and standards of living.
Aid for agriculture can help increase food production and so improve the quality and quantity of food available.
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disadvantages
Unsuitable aid
Like giving a poor village farming community a tractor. How can they afford the fuel, repairs and parts to keep it running.
“Tied or strings attached”
This means conditions for the aid such as the money must be spent on the giving counties goods
It can be in the form of a loan
This means the receiving country has to pay back the loan and with interest
It can be top down
This means that it doesn’t reach the people in towns or villages those who need it most
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Urban
Rio De Janeiro
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quality of life in slums
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Favela Bairro Project
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widening streets, laying pavements and improving access with bus link
installed water pipes and electricity cables diving all homes clean water, sanitation and electricity
money providing health, school and sports facilities
London
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olympic park, stratford
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successes
social
Stratford got a new tube station to help connect the area to the rest of london - stratford is now second only to king's cross as the most connected part of london
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enviromental
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the grounds of the olympic park have been kept as parkland and turned into new green spaces for wildlife.
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the development gap
north - south divide
north
disadvantages
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1980’s decline - collapse of steel textiles and coal industries left few job opportunities. - more unemployment as business don’t want to set up there
People in the south of england live on average 3 years longer than those in scotland and northern ireland.
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south
advantages
People in the south of england live on average 3 years longer than those in scotland and northern ireland.
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disadvantages
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Overcrowding - cities are bursting at the seams, new housing estates are ruining the countryside.
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High cost of housing in Hedge End an average house costs £295,000
reduce the gap
Improve transport links - the aim is to make the north more accessible for people and business to help firms locate here and make links to firms abroad.
Invest in science and innovation - like newcastle and manchester science parks. Attracting highly skilled graduates and supporting cutting edge quaternary businesses to set up.
Decentralisation moving government departments and offering incentives to move businesses ‘up north’ E.g. BBC studio now at salford Manchester.
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natural hazards
tectonic hazards
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earthquakes
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Prepare, prevent, protect
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tropical storms
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very intense low pressure wind systems, forming over tropical oceans and with winds of hurricane force
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vietnam
multiplier effect
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tourist buy hotel rooms
creates hundreds of jobs e.g security ,cleaners and managers
500,000 jobs through tourism
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urban environments
key words
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slum
poor quality, illegal settlements
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spread of population
densely populated around the coast of the americas but the center of the continents is sparsely populated and on the east and south coasts of asia
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Ecosystem
Key terms
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nutrient cycling
when plants or animals die, the decomposers help to recycle the nutrients making them available once again for the growth of plants or animals
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