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Unit 9 (Javanese Gamelan (Performed at (Shadow-puppet theater (wayang)…

- - - - Shadow-puppet plays begin early evening and continue until dawn
  - - - Story of Kind of Rama whose wife is kidnapped by an evil king
      - Melody based on pentatonic scale
      - Drum marks transition between sections
      - First section slow & stately
      - Singer elaborates melody
- - - - Raga: series of pitches, projects mood, and time of day
        
        Pitches for the organized melody
        
        Ascent sequences- aroha
        
        Descent sequences- avaroha
        
        Other characteristics
        
        Vadi- most important note
        
        Samavadi- 2nd most important note
        
        Pakad- essence of musical phrase
        
        Played on sitar
        
        Long-neck plucked string instrument with metal strings & gourd resonator
      - Tala- Complex rhythmic cycle; translation- clap
        
        Accompaniment to raga
        
        Tabla or Pakhawaj- Hand drums
      - Drone- Form of harmony; striking of strings that sustain pitches
        
        Tanpura- long-necked, plucked; string instrument
        
        Shruti box- bellows drone; electronic today
        
        Swarmandal- Indian harp
  - - - Taught his daughter Anoushka and the Beatle George Harrison
    - - Influenced Indian music in 1960 & 70s pop music
      - Performed at Woodstock in 1969
  - - - Introduction- Alap
        
        Slow/unmetered
        
        Sitar alone
      - 2nd Section- Gat
        
        Tabla enters
        
        Rhythmic cycle
      - 3rd Section- Jhala
        
        Faster tempo
        
        Interplay of instruments
      - Complex Rhythm
        
        2 + 4 +4 + 4
- - - - East Africa borders Kenya & Lake Victoria
      - Influenced by Arab, Indonesian, and British cultures
    - - 4 musicians plays on pitched drums (called drum chimes & played with curved beaters)
      - 2 musicians accompany on unpitched drums
  - - - Subchief- Kangawo- wears a leopard skin headband for good luck
      - One night the headband disappears and he feels so unprotected that he falls ill and dies
- - - - Looking to Africa for inspiration
      - Seeking racial equality and black cultural pride
    - - Sculptor Richmond Barthe
      - Poet Langston Hughes
        
        Imitated the rhythms and flow of jazz
      - Poet Zora Neale Hurston
      - Musicians Duke Ellington and William Grant Still
  - - - Arranger for radio and musical theater
      - Studied composition with Varese
    - - Afro-American Symphony (1931)
      - 1st symphony by African American composer to be performed by major American orchestra
    - - 1st opera to be premiered by an African American composer
  - - - I- Barthe’s African Dancer
      - II- Johnson’s Mother & Child
      - III- Savage’s Gamin
- - - - Father former Civil War bandleader
    - - Used vernacular heritage
      - Polytonality
      - Polyharmony
      - Polyrhythm
  - - - London Bridge
      - Arkansas Traveler
      - Semper Fidelis
      - Battle Cry of Freedom
      - Yankee Doodle
      - Marching through Georgia
      - British Grenadiers
    - - Out of tune notes
      - Bad entrances
      - Wrong notes
  - - - Returned writing jazz and neo-classical styles
    - - Billy the Kid & Appalachian Spring
      - Of Mice and Men, The Red Pony, The Heiress
  - - - Collaboration with choreographer Martha Graham (1894-1991)
    - - Opening section of the suite evokes daybreak
      - Slow & Tranquil
      - Polychordal- gentle dissonance
    - - Set of variations on the song Simple Gifts
- - - - Traditional operas were banned
      - After the Cultural Revolution, Beijing opera enjoyed a revival
      - 8 approved as “model plays”
        
        Example: The Story of the Red Lantern
      - Communist Regime
        
        Leader- Mao Zedong
        
        Purge China of class- structured society
        
        The West is the enemy
  - - - Japanese occupation of China in 1920s and 30s
      - Li Tiemei takes up the cause of the communist martyrs after parents death
      - No romance
    - - Erhu, Yangqin
- - - - Distinctive culture and heritage shared by people who live in a common territory
    - - Basing music on songs and dances of their people
        
        Dramatic works based on folklore or peasant life
        
        Works celebrating national heroes, historic events, or scenic beauty
      - Political expression sometimes banned
  - - - Morning Mood- atmospheric depiction of sunrise
      - In the Hall of the Mountain King- grotesque ballet music as Peer gets chased down the mountain by the troll daughters
- - - - Slow tempo
      - Melodic triad
    - - Clarinet
      - Violin
      - Woodwinds & Trumpet
    - - Polychordal
      - Dissonant
    - - Changes
    - - Various solo instruments
  - - - Duple Meter
      - Augmentation
    - - Four variations
      - Variation of Simple Gifts
      - A-A-B-A
- - - - Dance- drama
      - Musch style- costumes, makeup, etc.
    - - Kakubei- entertainer- steals things while performing a lion dance
    - - Simple tune played on the shamisen
      - Dance performance with drum and shamisen variations
- - - - Form
        
        A-B-A
        
        Variations in returning theme
        
        Homophonic
      - Medium
        
        Symphonic orchestra
      - Meter
        
        (6/8)
        
        "Duple Meter"
      - Romantic
    - - Meter
        
        Duple Meter
      - Minor key
        
        Eerie
        
        Mischevious
      - Romantic
      - Theme
        
        Repeated throughout
        
        Crescendos and Accelerandos
- - - - The culture and history of the U.S. and Mexico are intertwined
      - Other Americans also crafted a uniquely American sound
      - Realized a nationalist approach through reference to vernacular traditions
    - - Mexico colonized by Spain 1519, achieved independence in 1821
      - Late-nineteenth century goal of creating a nationally distinctive style via Amerindian and mestizo cultures
      - Mexican revolution of 1910 conjured up strong feelings of patriotism
      - Carlos Chavez instigated a government sponsored program to promote national music
      - Mariachi ensembles a strong nationalist voice
        
        Costumes of the charros (Mexican cowboys)
        
        Melody group (violins and trumpets)
        
        Rhythm section (vihuelas, guitar, guitarron, harp)
    - - Born in Durango
      - Studied composition in Mexico City and in the U.S: became assistant conductor of the Orquesta Sinfonica de Mexico
      - Went to Spain during Spanish Civil War
    - - 1937
      - Frederico Garcia Lorca was executed by a Fascist firing squad
      - Homage blends Mexican vernacular and European modernist music
      - Movement III, Son
        
        Shifting meters moving between simple triple (¾) and compound (6/8)
        
        Evocative of mariachi ensembles
        
        Folk-like melody
- - - - Sectional
      - Three themes
        
        A-B-C
        
        Alternated throughout
    - - Woodwinds
      - Trumpets
      - Violins
    - - Dissonant
    - - Syncopated melody
      - Shifting meters
      - Accents
      - Ostinatos