Models are when you draw something that can help to solve a problem, and it includes lables

Rates are things to describe something that they do in a time, for example. If Little Jimmy ran 5 laps in 10 minutes
the unit rate would be 1/2 a lap a minute and that would mean that in 20 minutes he would run 10 laps, it would be written as 10 Laps: 20 Minutes.

A Rate that is compared with the quantity of one. Like if you swam 2 laps in 4 mins that would mean that you swim 1 lap every 2 mins 1 Lap : 2 Mins

Ratios have many ways to be written, I will name 3. You can name rate like 2:3 or 2 Cats to 3 Dogs or 2Dogs / 3Cats

Equivalent Ratios are rates that mean the same thing but they are different numbers, with ratios they are a lot like equivalent fractions to figure out if they are equivalent or not.