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Transport of substances in human (Circulatory system (Blood vessels…
Transport of substances in human
Circulatory system
Blood vessels
Artery (carry blood away from heart)
Thick muscular wall
withstand high blood pressure
contract & relax
regulate amount of blood flow
Elastic fibre
Stretch :heart contract Recoil :heart relax
maintain blood flow
Vein (carry blood back to heart)
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Thinner muscular wall
low pressure
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Skeletal muscle
Large lumen
Reduce resistance of blood flow
Valves
Prevent backflow of blood
Capillary (connection , smallest)
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Numerous branches (extensive networks)
Large surface area for rapid exchange
One cell thick
Short diffusion distance
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small lumen
Large cross sectional area
reduce blood flow rate
allow more time for exchange
Heart
Structure
Ventricles
Right
Receive from right atrium
Pump deoxy. blood to lungs through pul. artery
Contract to pump out
Left
Receive from left atrium
Pump oxy. blood to body parts :red_cross:lungs through aorta
Septum
prevent mixing of oxy. and deoxy. blood
Atrium
Thinner wall
Left
Receive oxy. blood from pul. vein
Right
Receive deoxy. blood from vena cava
Superior (upper parts)
Inferior (lower parts)
Valves
Tricuspid
Locate between right atrium, ventricle
Bicuspid
Locate between left atrium, ventricle
Semilunar
Locate at the base of aorta , pul. artery
pocket-shaped
prevent backflow into ventricle when relax
Prevent backflow from ven. to atr.
Heart tendons
prevent valves being turned into atr.
Adaptation to functions
Cardiac muscles: contract & relax rhythmically :red_cross:fatigue
Ventricles: Thick muscular wall contract powerfully to pump out
Valves: prevent backflow
Heart tendons: prevent bi. & tri. being turned into atria when ventricle contract
Blood
Plasma
Plasma protein
Antibody, Fibrinogen
Nutrients
glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, glycerol, minerals, vitamins
Water(90%)
Respiratory gases
CO2, O2
Metabolic wastes
Urea
Hormones
Blood cells
Red blood cells
Shape :Biconcave disc
Colour : Red (haemoglobin)
Size :8um in dia. , 2um in thickness
Nucleus :red_cross: when mature
carry Oxygen(haemoglobin)
Produced by Bone marrow
5000000 per mm3
Live about 120days
Destruction
breakdown of haemoglobin:
Iron :produce new rbc
Bile pigment
Liver & Spleen
White blood cells
Shape : Irregular
Phagocytes
10-20um in dia.
Lobed nucleus
Lymphocytes
6-10um in dia.
Large, round nucleus
Colourless
Defense against pathogens
Produced in :red_cross:mature :Bone marrow & spleen :check:mature : in Lymph nodes
7000 per mm3
Live for A few days
Destruction
Killed by Pathogens
Egested
Blood platelets
Shape: Irregular
Colourless
2-3um in dia.
:red_cross:nucleus
Help in Blood Clotting
Produced by Bone marrow
250000 per mm3
Live for A few days
Destruction
Liver & Spleen
Functions
Transporting substances & Distributing heat(Medium)
Oxygen
form Oxyhaemoglobin
carry from lung to body parts
Carbon dioxide
carry as Hydrogencarbonate ions
Nutrients
Urea
Hormones
Antibody
Heat
by Plasma
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Body defence
White blood cells
Phagocytes
Engulf & digest Invading pathogens(PHAGOCYTOSIS)
Lymphocyte
Produce Antibody
Kill pathogens & neutralise toxins
Blood platelets
form blood clots
prevent pathogens enter
Blood Circulation
Double Circulation
Systemic
lungs to body parts
Pulmonary
heart to lungs
Advantages
Oxy. and deoxy. blood is separated by septum
more effient supply of oxy. blood
Systemic carry at higher pressure than pul.
allow rapid circulation of blood to body tissues :red_cross:damage
exchange
tissue fluid
Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels and lymph
thin, small blind-ended vessel
Lymph nodes